104 PROFESSOR T. MCKENNY HUGHES, M.A. 
Sir Warrneton W. Smytu.—I have seen a pipe as large as this filled 
up in two years. 
Professor Huaues then replied, saying :—A question has been raised 
by Sir Warington Smyth as to how the bones got into the caverns. That, 
question is one that ought to be asked with regard to each cave separately. 
There is, first, the suggestion that the bones may have been washed in from 
above. I have discussed this point (p. 90). Or the bones may have been 
carried in by animals that inhabited the caves; and then we have to con- 
sider whether these caves were ever hyzena dens, whether the beasts of the 
present day behave in the same way as those whose remains are found in 
the caves appear to have done. Dr. Buckland found that they do. He 
examined carefully the bones of the animals gnawed by hyzenas, and 
found the marks of teeth on the bones so dealt with, and that those 
bones which had marrow in them or some little flesh adhering to them 
have had splinters torn away, or are altogether broken up. Thus, 
it is clear, from the accumulation of evidence, that hyzenas were there, 
and had dragged in the remains of many of the larger animals which are 
found lying about. In some cases we find, instead of a mass of broken 
bones, the bones lie whole upon the floor of the cave. This seems to have 
been the case where the remains of bears are found ; it is different 
when we have a hyena den. It is evident that, in determining these 
questions, a great many things have to be taken into account. As 
to the way in which the carcasses are dealt with, we must remember 
that, when the larger animals have done with them, the smaller ones 
come in,— the foxes, the rats, and the mice,—all of them pulling the bones 
about. We trace them by the marks of their little teeth. Thus, you may 
find the bones drawn up into crevices into which they could not have been 
carried by the larger animals. Once, at Cambridge, I was shown a set of 
bones that ought not to have been in the gravels, from which they were 
said to have been obtained. I went and asked the workmen where they 
got them. They showed me the place, and told me they were ina sort of 
hole stretching from one point to another across the corner of the pit. I 
cleared out and examined the hole, and noticed in it a series of claw-marks, 
showing that the place had been used by badgers and foxes. Thus we had 
another example of the way by which the bones were conveyed into places 
where the larger animals could not have taken them nor water have washed 
them. — Or, again, the bones may be those of animals which died in the cave 
—bears, for instance. In one case the bats were described as furnishing, in 
the shape of their own bones, a large portion of the deposit. Thus, it will be 
seen, we have to go from one thing to another to arrive at the true explana- 
tion. Those animals came there, lived there, and died there, and the 
remains of bats covered the whole of the bottom of the cave. Owls and 
other birds of prey also bring in remains of animals, as I pointed out in the 
case of Cave Ha. The same kind of thing has been noticed in America, 
where in the upper layers of caye-deposits are, in a number of cases, found 
