ON ORIENTAL ENTOMOLOGY. 109 
vation during the four months I spent in the Hast in 1882. 
No doubt there are some other kinds found equally in 
England and the Hast that I did not happen to come across. 
1. P. Podalirius, Baalbec, April. 
2. P. Alexanor, Ephesus, May. 
3. G. Cleopatra, road to Marathon, June. 
A, M. Didyma, Corfu, June. 
5. V. Egea, Philadelphia, May. 
6. L. Camilla, Prinkipo, May. 
7. Minois Actzea, road to Laurium, June. 
8. Minois anthelea, Deceleia, June. 
The geological formation of several of the countries border- 
Butterflies 
typical 
of the 
Mediter- 
ranean 
littoral 
observed in 
the East. 
Medi- 
terranean 
ing the Mediterranean is almost identical as regards the lime- littoral— 
stone hills, rocks, and boulders. Similarly the dark-red 
earth beneath the olive-groves on the sloping shores of 
Corsica closely resembles in colour the soil under the same 
trees on the sides of the hills of Judea. Thus Palestine, 
Syria, Attica, are akin to a considerable extent in reference 
to the nature of their respective coast-line. From _ the 
identity of the geology follows, as a matter of course, a same- 
ness to a great extent in the respective botany of these 
different lands, and again from the sameness of the botany 
follows the corresponding character of the entomology of 
these various countries. 
The term ‘ Mediterranean littoral’? was used by Dr. Post, 
the well-known Professor of Botany in the American College 
-at Beyrout, to denote the geographical distribution of plants 
along the said shores. On the present occasion it will be 
found convenient to apply it to the range of certain species 
of insects. 
what is in- 
tended by. 
Hastern lands have this in common with the rest of the Faunaof the 
“ Mediterranean littoral,” of which they form a part, that terranean 
littoral—how 
three of the European species of Papilio, or Swallow-tail, exemplifiea 
are found there. Only one kind occurs in England, only two Eastern 
Entomology, 
in France and Germany; or, if the third kind occurs at oie 
all in France, it will only be in the extreme south—as, for 
instance, the neighbourhood of the Pyrenees. I have myself 
seen and captured the three kinds in the Hast, though not 
all three in the same place. 
The said three are as follows :— 
P. Machaon, England, | phere Ae Bias he \ The Hast. 
e Papilios. 
i Pedalivins § Generally distributed on \ my, wast. * 
l the Continent, 
P, Alexanor, South of Europe. The Hast. 
