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I'baraoh in his chariot, at the head of &irin(;s of captives who are being 

 taken into bondage in the land of Goshen. The open portals of the fortress 

 are to be seen, and the fortified points of the great military road from Syria; 

 and this is very important, for it is surely connected with a discovery of the 

 late lamented F. W. Holland, Vicar of Evesham. In a letter to me, in 

 May, 1880. he said : "The road which I discovered to the south of that 

 (viz., of Brugsch's route of the Exodus), running due east from Ismailia, 

 will, I hope, have had a special interest for you, as the route of Abraham 

 into Egypt. It is a very remarkable road, evidently much used in ancient, 

 times, and it is curious that it has remained unknown." IMr. Holland 

 described his route in a ]3aper read before the British Association, and 

 reprinted in the Quarterly Statement of the Palestine Exploration Fund for 

 April, 1879. I hope this most important ancient road will not remain un- 

 known much longer, for it ought to be very carefully surveyed. It is the 

 road by which the fathers came into Egypt ; the road at the termination 

 of which, a little within that " Fortress of Zar," Joseph went to meet his 

 father, with all the pomp of Egyptian monarchical grandeur, with his 

 chariots and his escort ; the road by which the great armies of Egypt went 

 out upon their wonderful expeditious, which Sir Charles Wilson has 

 referred to, against the Hittites and their other enemies ; and therefore I 

 £ay it is a road well worthy of being thoroughly surveyed. And I cannot 

 help thinking that, since we know approximately the situation of that 

 fortress of Zar, which was the key to the great military inlet to Egypt, by 

 which our own troops so lately led our expedition to Cairo, — I cannot help 

 thinking that if we were to put one thing and another together, we should 

 find ourselves on the eve of very important results. The inlet of this 

 ancient road must needs be closely connected with the great military 

 position in the strong eastern fortified wall of the ancient Pharaohs, the key to 

 Lower Egypt, the fortress of Zar, hitherto confused by Bible readers with 

 Zoar, in the passage I have quoted. And that discovery of the true Zar of 

 Gen. xiii., which was made by the learned Dr. Haigh, iii 1876, is taken for 

 granted by Dr. Diimichen in his important history, now in course of publi- 

 cation. That Zar is a jjlace which should be carefully looked for. Now we 

 will go a little further, about twelve miles along the land of Goshen, along 

 the line of the Sweetwater canal, along the exact line of our recent military 

 operations, and to the spot where I think the first engagement took place. 

 We find there, at Tell el-Maskhuta, the ruin-heaps and the ancient fortified 

 walls of a most important place — one of the twin store-cities which were 

 built by the Israelites for their opjjressor, Eameses II. The venerable 

 Lepsius distinguished himself, among many other achievements, by the 

 identification of this place, upon apparently unassailable grounds, with 

 Kameses. It has been taken for granted, and the railway station there is 

 called " Ilamsis." M. Naville, in the course of his excavations made there 

 for the Committee of the Egypt Exploration Fund, has found very important 

 monumental evidences. I can give you a short account of his results, but I 

 have not time to argue. I am perfectly aware that Dr. Lepsius still adheres 

 to his original idea that Tell el-^Iaskhiita was Kameses, and I have read 

 his recent article in his Zcifsclirift with the greatest attention. Now, M. 

 Naville has found a very great and strong wall of circumvallation of that 

 ancient fortress. It is built of crude bricks, enclosing a restricted 

 area of about twelve acres, but those twelve acres are occupied in a strictly 

 military manner by the magazines of a " store-city." These store- chambers 

 are very interesting Indeed. They had high walls, and were strongly 

 built, and they had the peculiarity of being opened only at the top. There 

 were no doorways, and no inlets at the sides, and that peculiarity entirely 

 tallies with the well-known representations of Egyptian granaries and 



