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Jains, because they were called Sramana, were not necessarily 

 Buddhists, or even Jains. The Hylobii {'rX6[5ioi) among 

 them (so called by Megasthenes) who dwelt in the forests, 

 are described as living on leaves and fruit, which the Buddhists 

 never did, but on alms. The Hylobii were, doubtless, as the 

 name implies, the Vdna-jyynsthas, who were Brahman ascetics. 

 The word Sramana was not invented by the Buddhists, but 

 was applied to a:;cetics long before the time of Buddha. 

 Indeed, the very term Chjmnosophints, under which Clemens 

 classes " the Sarmauce and other Brahmans,'' excludes^ the 

 Buddhists, who not only did not go about in puris naturalibus, 

 as some of the Vdna-jxrasthas, or Sanydsis, did, and still do, 

 but clothed themselves from head to foot, as a very essential 

 part of their religion. 



4. The asceticism and love of righteousness of the Essenes 

 were not necessarily derived from Buddha. The love of 

 rio-hteousness was equally prominent in the time of Job, who 

 lived probably 1,500 years before Buddha; and asceticism 

 seems to be due to the idiosyncrasies of individual men in all 

 races rather than to mere sectarianism, and would appear 

 always to have arisen as the human protest of purity against 

 the greed and licentiousness of the world. The doctrines of 

 the Essenes and of the Gnostics also connect them rather 

 with Greece and Persia than with India. The really peculiar 

 marks of Buddhism, such as the doctrine of the non-ego, and 

 the transmission through successive births of the Kamma or 

 Karma, if they were parts of early Buddhism, are certainly 

 not reproduced among either Essenes or Gnostics. And, 

 even could it be proved that the Essenes were indebted to 

 Buddhism, we should claim much better evidence than Mr. 

 Bunsen produces, before we could allow, notwithstanding the 

 suspicion of Eusebius, that they themselves influenced the 

 Christian story as found in the New Testament. 



5. According to this writer, even John the Baptist also was 

 a half-Buddhist, because, among other reasons, Bethabara, 

 where he is said to have been born, may perhaps, Mr. Bunsen 

 says, be a misprint for " Betliaraba," which may have been a 

 place on the west coast of the Dead Sea, where the elder 

 Pliny says the Essenic body had their chief settlements. 

 Moreover, '' John the Baptist is only another name for John 

 the Ashai or bather, from which the name of the Essai may 

 now be safely assumed to be derived.^^* Add to this that 



* The common derivation of 'Vjcaijvoi or 'Y^aaalot, is Heb. dsd, Chakl. 

 dsayd, " to heal," hieqause the Essenes were physicians. 



