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put by Mr. Charlesworth, as to how it is that the river-gravel types do not 

 appear to have been more rolled and worn than they really are; I am hardly 

 able to answer. Some of these Brandon implements have the appearance of 

 having been roUed ; the specimen in my hand exhibits a good deal of wear 

 and tear : but a great many of them — especially one which I have from 

 St. Acheul^are very sharp at the edges. But we must remember that 

 the gravels must have been rolled about for ages before the implements 

 were dropped among them. I cannot say whether the ancient savages and 

 hunters who used these tools and weapons had canoes. Perhaps, and more 

 probably, they walked, over the surface of the rivers when frozen, and some of 

 the implements they may have dropped would have fallen through when a 

 thaw came, and so have become mingled with the gravel, where they may 

 not have been subjected to the same amount of rolling as the bulk of the 

 stones forming the river-beds. I think I heard some one speak of drawing a 

 distinction between the mammoth age and the reindeer period. I ought to 

 remind that speaker that the neolithic period was not the reindeer period, 

 and that the reindeer was contemporaneous with the mammoth. In the 

 French caverns there are remains of what is called the reindeer period, which 

 is sometimes spoken of by Mortillet and others, who, in allusion to the 

 contents of some caves in the Dordogne, refer to the mammoth and reindeer 

 periods ; but both are palaeolithic as regards man. The reindeer is a 

 pleistocene animal, and there are two stages, at least, of the paleolithic 

 age ; but the reindeer became extinct in North-Western Europe before 

 neolithic man made his appearance, as is shown by the fact that we 

 never find reindeer remains along with neolithic implements. Among 

 the characteristic animals of this period we have the rabbit, the short-horned 

 ox (60s longifrons), the sheep, and other creatures that are never 

 found with the mammoth, rhinoceros, reindeer, or any other of the 

 pleistocene fauna. I have been asked by another speaker for a definition of 

 the word " prehistoric." This is, of course, a term which may be used in a 

 vague way. When it is employed by Sir John Lubbock in the title of his 

 work on Prehistoric Times, it is intended to embrace the whole of the two 

 periods, pleistocene and neolithic. In fact, it may be said to embrace, in 

 his mode of applying it, the whole of that period of human existence which 

 preceded the records of history. But I have used the word simply as a 

 synonym for " neolithic." When I speak of " prehistoric times," or of 

 "prehistoric implements," I make a distinction between the paleolithic 

 implements and those of the neolithic age, as the palaeolithic implements are 

 never polished ; while what I call " prehistoric " or "neolithic " implements 

 are polished — not always, but in many cases. I forget who it was originated 

 this restricted use of the word " prehistoric " as embracing the neolithic age, 

 and also the bronze age by which it was followed ; but Professor Boyd 

 Dawkins employs it in this limited sense. Professor Dawkins likewise 

 thinks that the pleistocene and paleolithic men, who were the contem- 

 poraries of the mammoth and other of the extinct fauna, were possibly 

 the ancestors of the present race of Esquimaux ; that the Esquimaux were 



