DISCUSSION. 29 



liiglier tjacLers very early perceived that the auimism oi: the 

 lower orders was but a worship of the phenomena of nature. Their 

 great gods (as among Akkadians, Egyptians, and Greeks) were 

 heaven, earth, ocean, sun, moon, light, the breeze, the planets, 

 with a host of spirits or angels, against whom were arrayed the 

 demons, under death and the infernal deities. The Pantheon of 

 the Hittites and Amorites was the same as the inscrijitions show, 

 though the names were often different. 



The story of Marduk and Tiamat appears to be a myth of the 

 sun fighting the storms, such as occurs in all other mythologies, as 

 Mr. Pinches would no doubt allow. 



His discoveries as to the name of Jah or Jehovah in Chaldea arc 

 of high interest, and the fact that this name occurs, as that of the 

 Supreme Deity, before 2000 B.C., is so important that it is to be 

 r.'gretted that he has not elaborated this part of his paper,* and 

 given us the earliest texts in which it is found. The discovery 

 would fully agree with the Biblical statement (Gen. iv. 26) that 

 the name of Jehovah was used very early by mankind in Western 

 Asia. Its occurrence in the ninth century B.C., explains how 

 Sennacherib claimed to be a servant of Jehovah (2 Kings xviii. 25) ; 

 while Nebuchadnezzar and Cyrus, are also called " servants of 

 Jehovah" in the Bible, and Balaam from Pethor on the Euphrates 

 worshipped Jehovah. These discoveries of Mr. Pinches militate 

 against the view that Jehovah was the name of a " tribal god " of 

 the Hebrews. In the Babylonian account of the flood, Ya or 

 Jehovah is the name of the God who causes the deluge. 



The name El for God is very ancient, and in the Amorite and 

 Philistine letters we find Elohim, as well as on a text from Samala 

 in the extreme north of Syria (Stli century B.C.), so that neither 

 the name Elohim nor the name Jehovah, in the Bible, is any mark 

 of late authorship. 



On the Samala texts, written in Phoenician characters about 800 

 B.C., and 730 B.C., Hadad is mentioned, and called " Sun and Cherub 

 and Light." He was a Syrian deity, and adored by Phoenicians as 

 Addu before 1500 B.C., at Gebal. I think, however, when Mr. 

 Pinches has time to read the Jerusalem letters to Amenophis III, 

 he will not find that the worship of Nmib at that city is mentioned 

 in the passage to which he alludes. 



Just as the Babylonian upper class discovered that the popular 



See Appendix II., and reply to Dr. Honimel. 



