]16 SURGEON-GENERAL SIR C. A. GORDON, M.D., K.C.B., ON 



navy, the models according to which the ships composing 

 it were built beiug speedily adopted by Rome, its great rival. 

 Then came a period of war for the possession of Sicily and 

 of Sardinia. This republic became connected with the 

 Persian monarchy, extended its colonies along the shores of 

 the Atlantic, concluded a treaty with Rome, but the alliance 

 with Xerxes in his attack upon Greece led to the rout and 

 disgraceful peace of Himera. Various treaties were made 

 with Rome. War against Sicily renewed and continued 

 many years ; Hamilcar defeated at Syracuse and died in 

 captivity. Afterwards persistent wars against Rome cul- 

 minating in the defeat of Appius Claudius in the very year 

 in which the Chinese dynasty now being considered came to 

 its end (B.C. 249). 



9. India. — Nearly contemporary with the advent of the 

 Chows in China, the Vedas* were arranged in their present 

 form. Five or six centuries elapse, and India became subject 

 to Persia. Pirst, the Hindoos, departing from primeval sim- 

 plicity of worshijD, made to themselves images ; then long sub- 

 sequently, became divided into castes. Then arose (B.C. 543) 

 the reformer Gautama Buddha, against whose system of 

 philosophy in subsequent years persecution prevailed. The 

 customs of the Brahmins were reduced to definite form, 

 described as the Code of Manu. Next, the imperial city of 

 Delhi is founded, though five centuries after the most ancient 

 Hindoo capital, Canouj,t had been established. The secession 

 among the Buddhists^ and their division into the northern and 

 the southern sections took place, followed by the expedition 

 of Alexander, arrested at the Jhelum (Hydaspes),§ and, lastly, 

 the rule of Sandracottus, otherwise Chandragupta, King of 

 Behar (Magadha), the capital of which was Palibotlira the 

 modern Patna. 



10. Greece. — The war against Troy (B.C. 1194-1184) had 

 ended sixty years before the advent of the Chow dynasty. 

 Contemporary with that dynasty Greek colonies emigrated 

 to Asia Minor. Olympic games were instituted ; a constitu- 



* Vedas — the sacred hymns of the Hindoos. The Rig Veda, the 

 great literary memorial of the early Aryan settlements in the Punjab. 



t Canouj : in Furrukabad district. 



X B.C. 377. The northern Buddhists, i.e., those of Nepaul, Thibet, China, 

 and Japan are the successors of the seceders. The southern Buddhists, 

 i.e., those of Ceylon, Burma, and Siam, represent the other side. See 

 Ancient India, E. C. Dutt, p. 103. § b c. 327. 



