300 R. H. MATHEWS, ESQ., L.S., ON 
in the same manner as the last described. Its length from 
the bill to the tail was 12 feet 6 inches, and its height from 
the feet to the top of the back 7 feet 9 inches. The legs 
are short in proportion to the body, being 2 feet 6 inches 
long—perhaps to indicate that the bird is sitting or crouching 
down. 
Fig. 54 represents two more drawings of death adders, 
also formed by heaping up the loose earth into the required 
shape. Their heads and tails are almost touching, and the 
length of each reptile is a little over 16 feet. 
In a paper contributed by me to the Royal Society of 
Victoria in 1896, describing the initiation ceremonies of one 
of the native tribes, I briefly referred to the marks on the 
trees and on the ground dealt with in this article, but no 
plate illustrating them has hitherto appeared in any publica- 
tion. They are therefore quite original. 
IMAGES. 
Under this designation I propose to include all figures 
formed of wood, bark, clay, or other material. These images 
or effigies differ from earth-moulded drawings lying flat 
upon the surface of the ground, because they are not 
attached to the soil, but are movable. They comprise 
human figures, representations of the sun, moon, reptiles, 
birds and other objects. 
At the Burbune ceremonies of the aboriginal tribes on the 
Lachlan and Murrumbidgee rivers, New South Wales, I have 
seen an image of Dhurramoolun—a spirit whom they rever- 
ence, or rather fear—formed partly of wood and partly of 
clay, and placed leaning against an adjacent tree to keep 
it in a vertical position. This effigy was manufactured in 
the following manner. A sapling on which were two 
opposite branches was selected, and cut down; the two 
branches were then chopped off at such a length as to be 
equal to that of a man’s arms. The stem of the sapling was 
next cut through about a foot from these two lateral 
branches, for the purpose of representing a man’s head and 
neck. The main stem was again cut through about 5 feet 
on the other side of the branches in order to form the body 
and one leg. Mud or clay was then plastered all over this 
wooden framework, or “skeleton,” in such a way as to make 
it resemble a human being. Only one leg was represented, 
because Dhurramoolun is believed to have but one of these 
