400 WARREN UPHAM, ESQ., M.A., F.G.S.A., ON 
abundant waters of their melting and of rains, was spread 
on the lower lands and along valleys in front of the 
departing ice, as the loess of the Missouri, the Mississippi, 
and the Rhine. Marine beds reaching to a maximum height 
of about 375 feet at Neudeck, in western Prussia, give the 
name of this stage. 
6. WISCONSIN STAGE.—Moderate re-elevation of the land, 
in the northern United States and Canada advancing as a 
permanent wave from south to north and north-east ; 
continued retreat of the ice along most of its extent, but its 
maxinium advance in southern New England, with fluctua- 
tions and the formation of promiment marginal moraines ; 
great glacial lakes on the northern borders of the United 
States. 
The Mecklenburgian stage in Europe. Conspicuous 
moraine accumulaticns in Sweden, Denmark, Germany, and 
Finland on the southern and eastern margins of the great 
Baltic glacier. No extensive glacial readvance between 
the Iowan and Wisconsin stages, either in North America or 
Europe. 
Later American stages, all of minor importance and 
duration in comparison with the preceding, cannot 
probably be shown to be equivalent with Geikie’s European 
divisions in the same time. 
During the general glacial recession, slight oscillations of 
the ice border occurred, with temperate climate nearly as 
now, at Toronto and Scarborough on the north shore of 
Lake Ontario, indicated by interbedded deposits of glacial 
dvitt and fossiliferous stratified gravel, sand, and clay.* 
Although the waning ice-sheet still occupied a vast area on 
the north-east, and twice readvanced, with deposition of 
much boulder clay or till, during the formation of this 
fossiliferous drift series, the climate then, determined by the 
Champlain low altitude of the land, by the proximity of the 
large glacial Lake Algonquin, succeeding the larger Lake 
Warren, and by the eastward and north-eastward surface 
atmospheric currents and courses of all storms, was not less 
mild than now. ‘The trees of which the wood is found in the 
interglacial Toronto beds now have their most northern 
limits in the same region. 
Full expansion of the glacial Lake Iroquois, in the basin 
of Lake Ontario and northward, ensued, with outflow at 
* American Geologist, vol. xv, pp. 285-291, May, 1895. 
