412 WARREN UPHAM, ESQ., M.A., F.G.S.A., ON 
first by putting the lower boulder clay as representing the great 
“‘ Hpeirogenic uplift,” and the extension of the vast sheets of ice in 
North America and Europe; then the Champlain subsidence, with 
stratified and Jaminated beds which may correspond with our inter- 
glacial deposits in England, which also contain marine shells ; and 
then the upper boulder clay, which represents a recurrence of semi- 
arctic conditions, when the lands were partly submerged so that 
the water surrounding them was blocked with floating ice and 
mud carried down by the rivers from the unsubmerged portions ; 
this may be correlated with those upper stages in North America. 
This may be so. It is not a matter of great importance. 
I agree with Mr. Warren Upham that the Glacial period was one 
great division of geological time; but in different districts there 
were diversities of clinate from time to time, due to oscillations of 
the land, causing a recurrence of cold and warm climates which 
may have been very limited in their existence; and, of necessity, 
extending over considerable geographical areas. 
So much with regard to the second part of Mr. Upham’s paper. 
But now I come to the question of the age of man; and you will 
have observed that the author assumes, as a sort of settled question, 
that man preceded the Glacial epoch. In several parts of his 
paper he makes that assertion, and he founds his view upon 
the character of the beds (plateau gravels) containing paleolithic 
implements and the remains of animals in the Ouse and the 
Somme. Now it might have been supposed that there was some 
stronger evidence of the pre-existence of man to the Glacial period 
than the evidence that Mr. Upham has furnished ; but not in one 
single case, in the whole of Europe or America, has a trace of 
man’s existence been found below the only deposits which we have 
a right to assume were developed and produced by the great ice- 
sheets of the early Glacial period. The beds of sand and gravel 
containing implements and extinct fossil remains of the elephant, 
the rhinoceros, cave bear, etc., are absolutely outside the 
range of the great boulder clay of the northern parts of Europe 
and portions of the British Islands. It (the boulder clay) does 
not come within miles of the places where these works of man are 
found, and therefore one cannot say what the relationship of the 
boulder clay is to these remains and accompanying deposits. You 
observe that all these remains that the author refers to are stated, 
and truly stated, as occurring in beds of gravel and sand, stratified 
