TIME DIVISIONS OF THE ICE AGE. 413 
gravel and sand; but stratified gravel and sand is not a formation 
which has originated in great sheets of ice; on the contrary, 
such beds have been deposited in water. I repeat that evidence 
that man preceded the Glacial epoch is absolutely wanting. Imay 
refer to the views of, I think, the greatest authority on that subject 
that perhaps the world has ever produced, the late Sir Charles 
Lyell. If you turn to his Antiquity of Man, published in 1873 
(and the evidence he gives has not been materially added to since 
that period), you will find that he says :— 
** One step at least we gain by the Bedford section, which those 
of Amiens and Abbeville had not enabled us to make. They teach 
us that the fabricators of the antique tools, and the extinct 
mammalia coeval with them, were all post-glacial, or in other 
words, posterior to the grand subsidence of Central England 
beneath the waters of the Glacial Sea.”* 
Again he says, ‘‘ The sections near Bedford and at Hoxne in 
Suffolk, and a general view of the Norfolk cliffs, have taught us 
that the earliest signs of man’s appearance in the British Isles 
hitherto detected, are of post-glacial date.’’+ 
The valley of the Ouse has been scooped out of the boulder 
clay: so that whatever may be found in the gravel-beds and 
terraces of the vailey is much more recent than the age of the 
boulder clay which extends over the surface of the country from 
the edge of the valley. Now, in the valley of the Ouse there are 
two beds of gravel. There is, first, one within reach of the 
present waters of the rivers; and another, a raised terrace, and 
in this upper gravel, in the valley, are these extinct remains and 
works of art. 
Now, Mr. Upham founds his argument for the pre-existence 
of man to the Glacial period on page 5 of his paper, thus :— 
‘*Rudely chipped stone implements and human bones in the 
plateau gravel of southern England, 90 feet and higher above 
the Thames, and the similar traces of man in early Quaternary 
sand and gravel deposits of the Somme and other valleys 
in France, attest man’s existence there before the maximum 
stages of the uplift and of the Ice age.” They do not appear to 
* Antiquity of Man, p. 166. It is to be noted that this subsidence took 
place after the disappearance of the great glaciers and sheets of ice by 
which the Glacial period was ushered in. 
t. Ibid., p. 229. 
