424, PROF. J. LOGAN LOBLEY, F.G.8., F.R.G.8., ON 
production of vast glaciers and ice-sheets would here be 
furnished in profuse abundance. 
It ought also to be borne in mind that with the elevation 
of the American or western continent also, or of its central 
portion, the Antillean region, there would be no so-called 
“Gulf Stream” as now to bring warmth-giving waters and 
consequent warmth-giving winds to the north of Europe. 
This deprivation would intensify the glacial conditions 
consequent upon elevation in the areas to the north, and the 
great cold so produced there would react on the temperature 
of mid and southern Europe. Thus an additional refrigerating 
influence must be taken into account. The result of the 
whole would be the covering of the Pyrenean region with 
an ice-cap or continuous glacier of great thickness through 
which only the more acute summits would penetrate. This 
vast body of ice, gradually descending to lower levels, as the 
Greenland ice-cap does at present, would form an ice-sheet 
covering all the lower levels. We are thus compelled to 
conclude that with an elevation of %,000 feet, or even of 
7,000 feet, the entire region of what is now southern France 
and northern Spain would have a climate of quite Arctic 
cold, and would be covered by a vast and continuous capping 
of ice.* 
Glacial conditions, with the elevation postulated, must 
have extended over the whole of France, but they would be 
greatly intensified in the Pyrenean region and especially in 
its western half, from its elevation, and the much larger body 
of vapour-charged air that would be there intercepted and 
the consequent enormous amount of snow that would there 
be precipitated. 
The great ice-sheet spreading to the north of the Pyrenean 
range would move in the direction of least resistance. 
When the surface features of southern France are con- 
sidered it is at once seen that the direction of least resistance 
to an advancing ice-sheet from the northern side of the 
western half of the Pyrenees would be to the west, or in the 
direction of the sea, over the region now occupied by the 
drainage areas of the Adour and the Garonne, which includes 
the extensive low plain of the Landes, at present little above 
the level of the sea, to which it extends. The whole of 
* On this subject see paper by Professor E. Hull on “ Another possible 
cause of the Glacial Epoch.” Trans. Vict. Inst., vol. xxxi, with plate, p. 
141 (1897-8). 
