COOPER] BIBLIOGRAPHY OF TRIBES OP TIERRA DEL PUEGO 33 



have been inhabited by the Payos and Chonos, but ''il ne faut pas 

 confondre . . . [les] Chonos avec la peuplade homonyme vivant 

 plus au Sud, entre- le cap Penas et le detroit de Magellan; ceUe-ci 

 parait se rapprocher plutot des Fuegiens." The name Payos is used 

 for the natives of southern Chiloe by Capt. E. Simpson (104), Dr. 

 C. Martin (b, 465; d, 364), and Dr. E. Schmidt (168-169). Dr. 

 Medina (a, 110) assigns the archipelagos from Chiloe south to the 

 Chonos, Payos, and Caucahues. 



Out of this tangle of contradictory and partially contradictory 

 divisions it is very difficult to bring order. Of the names themselves 

 the most frequently recurring are Chonos (Chuni) , Caucaus (Coucous, 

 Caucahues, Caucagues), Huillis (Huilles, Huilliches), Poyas (Pouyas, 

 Poy-yus or Peyes?, Payos?), and Guaiguenes (Guaihuenes). 



Three at least of these names are of Araucanian origin. HuiUi 

 means south, huaihuen means south wind (An. hidr. mar. Chile, v, 

 518; cf. also Moraleda, 327, 124). Huilli appears for the first time in 

 Goicueta's narrative of 1557-58. According to Father Rosales (a, 

 vol. I, 105-106) the natives met by the 1641 expedition were dubbed 

 by the members '^Gabiotas" (= gulls) on account of a fancied resem- 

 blance of the natives' cries or speech to the gull's call. As the Arau- 

 canian name for gull was caucau (Rosales, ibid., 310) it is likely the 

 name Caucaus had this origin. It occurs repeatedly after 1641, not 

 before. 



The earliest clear record the present writer has found of the name 

 Chono is that in Father Venegas's letter written in 1612 from the 

 Guaitecas Islands and quoted by Father Lozano (ii, 456). It occurs 

 commonly thereafter on maps of the region and in Chilean literature. 

 The Chonos Archipelago took its name from the natives, not vice 

 versa, according to Moraleda (327, 311), and in fact the form "Archi- 

 pelago of the Chonos" is the more common one used in the early 

 literature and maps. Dr. Lenz believes that Chonos is the name the 

 people called themselves (&, 312), and Fathers Del Techo and Lozano, 

 as weU as Moraleda (11. c.) seem to imply the same, although they do 

 not say so explicitly. Dr. Lehmann-Nitsche conjectures that it was 

 the Patagonian chon Hispanicized (d, 220); this is possible but far 

 from proven. 



The identification of the Lake Naguelhuapi Poyas is a task that 

 can be left to the student of mainland anthropological relations, 

 Payo is the name by which the natives of the southern end of Chiloe 

 have been known (Moraleda, 66, and passim). They are suspected 

 of having some Chono blood in their veins, but the linguistic material 

 from this region is Araucanian (cf. E. Simpson, 104), and even in 

 Moraleda's time they seem to have spoken Araucanian (53). 



Of the gigantic Caucahues more will be said when treating of 

 Chonoan somatology. The canoe-using Indians of the southern 



