44 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY [bull, r.a 



While no systematic agriculture or herding was carried on south 

 of Chiloe (Olivares, 372; Ladrillero, 464; Ponce de Leon, 5, and, in 

 Medina, c, vol. i, 424; Pietas, 503), yet both were of sporadic occur- 

 rence among the Chonos, especially north of Taitao Penmsula. 

 According to Beranger (13) the Chonos kept a few sheep and goats 

 on their islands, and some concrete instances of the practice are given 

 by Moraleda (324, 329, 358). The Indians who came to visit the 

 wrecked Wager's crew in the Guaianecos Islands went away and 

 returned in two days with three sheep (Byron, a, 34 ; Bulkeley, anon, 

 ed., 18, other 1743 ed., 23; A. Campbell, 19; Affecting Narrative, 30). 

 Father Lozano also states that a few bad-tasting potatoes and a 

 little barley were raised on some of the less sterile of the Guaitecas 

 Islands (ii, 559; cf. also Moraleda, 358). 



The Guaitecas Islanders had no native intoxicant (Olivares, 373; 

 Lozano, ii, 559; Garcia, a, 42). The "cacique" Delco told the mis- 

 sionaries that his people "pro potu ex lupis marinis oleum expri- 

 munt, praeter quem liquorem nuUius vini aut potionis dolicias 

 norunt," although he had just stated before that "in Guatana 

 insula, patria mea, triticum turcicum, ex quo vinum conficitur, non 

 male jam provenit" (Del Techo, 160). This latter was pretty cer- 

 tainly an importation from Chilotan culture. 



Such an Araucanian influence began to make itself felt even before 

 the Spanish conquest, for Cortes Hojea on his return journey in 1558 

 found on an island facing the Pacific Ocean at about 44° s. lat. 

 some old abandoned potato patches (Goicueta, 513). 



That some of the Chonos north of Taitao Penmsula raised a breed 

 of long-haired shaggy dogs, from whose hair they made short mantles 

 covering the shoulders and upper part of the trunk, is attested from 

 two apparently independent sources (Goicueta, 518, based on Cortes' 

 expedition with Ulloa; Del Techo, 160, from testimony of Delco the 

 Chono headman; cf. also Lozano, ii, 34). They arc said, too, to have 

 made mantles from the bark of a tree called "quantu" (Goicueta, 

 518), as the Chilotans made from the bark of the maque tree (Rosales, 

 a, vol. I, 224). 



The stone ax was in earlier times verj' uncommon south of Chiloe. 

 None of the earlier writers, such as Goicueta and Ladrillero, reported 

 it in use south of Taitao Peninsula. Father Rosales mentions its 

 use around Chiloe, but adds that the natives near the Strait used fire 

 and„ shell to make the planks for their boats, as they had no axes 

 (Rosales, a, 174; cf. also Garcia, a, 23). Dr. Medina gives illustra- 

 tions of two polished axheads from the Chonos Islands (a, 75, fig. 16, 

 18) and a perforated one from the Guaitecas Islands (a, 76, fig. 22). 

 Dr. Cunningham brought back three stone "hatchet heads" from 

 the Guaitecas Islands (335). Dr. Coppinger, "in spite of a most 

 diligent search," found only one partly ground axhead, in a very old 



