cooper! BIBLIOr4RAPHY OF TRIBES OF TIEREA DEL FUEGO 45 



kitchen midden somewhere south of Cape Tres Montes (52-53, ill. 

 opp. p. 34). 



That the cultural elements just enumerated — sporadic agricul- 

 ture and herding, the pohshed stone ax and the plank boat — should 

 have passed over to the Chonos from the Araucanians is easily 

 accomited for, as there was considerable friendly and unfriendly 

 contact between the Chilotans and their neighbors to the south. 



Accordmg to Father Del Techo (160), as far back as 1609 the 

 Chonos used to capture the Huillis to the south and keep them or 

 sell them into a kind of slavery among the Chilotans. Father 

 Olivares gives many details of the bitter feuds between the Chonos 

 and Chilotans and of the raids and reprisals by one people upon the 

 other, a situation brought to an end in 1710 by the voluntary sur- 

 render of 30 harassed Chono families and by their settlement upon 

 the island of Guar (373, 394). Talcapillan, a Chono who lived 60 

 leagues south of Castro, came to Chiloe with some of his people 

 (OUvares, 377; cf. also Bart. Gallardo, 526-527). Father Lozano 

 states that Delco, the Guaitecas chief, used to come to Chiloe once 

 a year (ii, 454; cf. also Del Techo, 159); while on Delco's visit to 

 the missionaries, Fathers Venegas and Ferrufino, at Chiloe in 1609, 

 five boatloads of his people accompanied him (Del Techo, 159). 

 When Fathers Venegas and Estevan set out in 1612 from Chiloe 

 for the Guaitecas Islands they were accompanied by 10 Chilotan 

 rowers who knew the Guaitecas region from having participated on 

 an earUer occasion in a raiding expedition among the Chonos (Lozano, 

 II, 455). Frezier was told that the Chonos were wont to come to 

 Chiloe and sometimes bring Caucahues with them (i, 148; de Brosses, 

 II, 212). One at least of the natives who some months after the 

 wreck of the Wager in 1741 came to visit the English was a Chilotan 

 who could speak Spanish (A. Campbell, 52), while the Chilotan 

 poncho was observed among the group who visited the island a few 

 days after the wreck (ibid., 20). Finally, in Beranger's time — around 

 1773 — it was the custom of the Chonos to come to Chiloe at fiestas 

 and exchange seafood for clothing, potatoes, and barley (Beranger, 13). 



No doubt, too, the missions to the Chonos, especially to the Guaite- 

 cas Islanders, maintained by the Jesuits intermittently from 1612 to 

 1767 and by the Franciscans later, did much toward spreading some 

 elements of Chilotan and Spanish culture among them. 



Beneath the cultural importations, however, one can see as through 

 a thin veil the extremely primitive culture of the Chonoan nomads. 

 This very low culture sharply contrasts with that of the much more 

 advanced Araucanians, even those of Chiloe; while on the other 

 hand it is practically identical with that of the Alacaluf, not only 

 in its broad outlmes, but also in its detailed features as far as the 

 available sources reveal them to us. 



