COOPER] BIBLIOGRAPHY OF TRIBES OF TIERRA DEL FUEGO 51 



old who had been living since childhood among the Shilk'nam and 

 whites. Both vocabularies appear to be pure or nearly pure 

 Shilk'nam. 



Such being our available working material on the Manekenkn In- 

 dians, we may now take up the question of their relations to the 

 Shilk'nam. 



Dr. Fred. Cook (b, 725) and Dr. Skottsberg (d, 615; c, 308) look 

 on the Manekenkn as a cross between the Onas and Yahgans. Dr. 

 Skottsberg also speaks of the Hos' tongue as a fifth Fuegian lan- 

 guage (d, 614; c, 308). Prof. Furlong (j; Ic) seems to consider the 

 Manekenkn as tribally and linguistically distinct from both the 

 Yahgans and Shilk'nam. 



There has been, no doubt, a good deal of mingling and intermarrymg 

 between these southeastern Foot Indians and the Yahgans. Some 

 of the authorities for this statement have been quoted above. In 

 addition, Sr. Lista thought he recognized traces of Yahgan influ- 

 ence in the physical appearance and language of the Polycarp Cove 

 natives (b, 115, 120). Dr. Segers' Ona vocabulary contained some 

 Yahgan words (Lehmann-Nitsche, d, 237, citing L. Bridges). Prof. 

 Furlong's old Haush man was married to two Yahgan wives (k), while 

 Dr. Skottsberg (d, 615; c, 308) was told by Mr. WiUiam Bridges that 

 this old man was himself only half Haush, his mother having been 

 Yahgan. He looked like a Yahgan, Dr. Skottsberg remarks (ibid.). 



In spite, however, of this considerable infusion of Yahgan blood 

 among the Manekenkn, it is much more probable that they are or 

 were racially akin to the Shilk'nam. 



A comparison of the linguistic material kindly put at the writer's 

 disposal by Prof. Furlong and of the words published by Dr. Leh- 

 mann-Nitsche with the fairly abundant Sliilk'nam lexical data now 

 available shows with reasonable clearness that notwithstanding the 

 many divergences the Manekenkn speech differs from the Shilk'- 

 nam only dialecticaUy. The reader can easily test for himself this 

 conclusion by reference to Dr. Lelimann-Nitsche's comparative 

 Tehuelche-Shilk'nam-Manekenkn glossary {d, 242 — 276) ; in about 30 

 per cent of the cases the Manekenkn words are similar to the Sliilk'- 

 nam or Tehuelche, and often identical. 



The apphcation of the somatological and cultural criteria of rela- 

 tionship yields similar results, although the available material is 

 rather meager. The Thetis Bay natives described in considerable 

 detail by Sr. Lista (b, 126-130) were somatologically and culturally 

 Shilk'nam. The same may be said of Dr. Segers' Onas, some of 

 whom at least were Manekenkn, and of the natives encountered by 

 the earlier explorers in the Good Success and Valentyne Bays region. 

 Prof. Tonelli (Cojazzi, 100-102) found a few cultural differences, but 

 they are of a very minor character. 



