62 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY [bull, fis 



Alacalufan cultural antliropology is, however, in about the same con- 

 dition it was in just after the Fitz-Roy expeditions. It may he added 

 that only the material culture of the Alacaluf has been at aU ade- 

 quately studied. 



Much more has been done in the department of somatology. A 

 considerable literature sprang up as a direct result of the exhil)ition 

 of the Hagenbeck troupe in Europe. Most of the available Alaca- 

 lufan material is summed up in Dr. R. Martin's monograph published 

 in 1893. 



There are extant some seventeen vocabularies of the Alacalufan 

 tongue, beginning with La Guill)audiere's of between 1688 and 1696 

 and ending with Dr. Skottsberg's of 1908. The largest published 

 vocabulary, Father Borgatello's, contains less than 600 words, while 

 10 of the lists contain only 50 or less words. The Rev. Mr. Bridges' 

 1,200-word vocabulary has never been published. Of Alacalufan 

 grammar we have no details at all, 



CHONOS 



The Chonos were first encountered by the Ulloa expedition in 1553 

 and first described by Goicueta, the chronicler of the Cortes Hojea 

 expedition of 1557-58. Further accounts begin in 1609-1613 with 

 the advent of the Jesuit missionaries to Chiloe and the Guaitecas 

 Islands — accounts chiefly accessible in the writings of Fathers Del 

 Techo, Rosales, Lozano, and Olivares. In the next century some 

 few further details came to light as a result of the Wager's shipwreck 

 in 1741 and Father Garcia' s expedition in 1766-67. Since this last 

 date the history of Chonoan investigation has been practically a 

 blank. 



Much less is known of the Chonos than of the Alacaluf. Of even 

 their material culture only meager details have come down to us, and 

 of their language not one word. A little more is known of their 

 somatology, thanks to the discovery of a few skulls, chiefly of Guaite- 

 cas Islanders. 



ONAS 



To Sarmiento (244-246; An. Tiidr., vii, 519-520) belongs the honor 

 of having first discovered the Onas in 1580, the name Gente Grande 

 Bay remaining to this day as a reminder of the event. Forty years 

 later, in 1619, the Nodals saw the Onas, not uidikely of the Mane- 

 kenkn subtribe, at Good Success Bay. The accounts, however, of 

 both Sarmiento and the Nodals, as well as those of later obsei'vers, 

 one of L'Hermite's officers perhaps in 1624, Father Labbe in 1711, 

 and the members of the first and second Cook expeditions in 1769 and 

 1774, give very meager details, chiefly on physical appearance and 

 material culture. 



