cooi'EK] BIBLIOGRAPHY OF TEIBES OF TIERRA DEL FUEGO 149 



death. Bad, disagreeable and eccentric men are called by the same 

 name. Another evil spirit, Lucooma, presides over the tides and 

 whirlpools or whirlwinds (Th. Bridges, a, Fr. tr., 181; Lovisato, h, 

 149-150; Spegazzini, a, 16). 



When a man dies, the natives have been heard at tunes to say 

 ''Un tel a ete pris par Gopoff," an evil spirit (Martial, 212). The 

 niedicme-men address a mysterious bemg caUed Aiapakal or Yah- 

 pahchel, the son of a deceased medicine-man, and receive from a 

 spirit called Hoakils or Hvachiella power over life and death (Th. 

 Bridges, a, Fr. tr., 182; i, in Hyades, q^, 256; Ic, 238). The spirits who 

 were evoked during the boy initiations were believed in only by the 

 women and children (cf. infra, under Initiations). There seems, too, 

 to have been a certain fear of ghosts (cf. infra under Death and 

 Burial) . 



D. Onas. — There is no evidence for an Ona beUef in anything like 

 a Supreme Deity. Wliether or not further information regarding 

 Ona boy initiations wiH show the presence of a secret higher belief, 

 it would be idle to speculate. Father Beauvoir's repeated inquiries 

 respectmg a Supreme Deity elicited only negative answers (b, 210); 

 the mission Onas use the native word Jhow^n ( = medicme-man) for 

 God, but few will agree with Father Beauvoir in tracmg any verbal 

 kinship with the Hebrew Jehovah or Yahweh (b, 219). Messrs. 

 Rousson and Willems attribute to the Onas a belief in a spirit called 

 Waliche or Walichu, to whom the natives attribute both good things 

 and bad (a, 181); but these explorers hardly had opportunities to 

 gather dependable mformation on Ona reUgious beliefs, and, moreover, 

 Walichu is strongly suggestive of Patagonian origin. 



Both Sr. Lista (6, 130) and Dr. Segers (65) mention an evil spirit 

 who enters the body and sends illness; he also sends wuid, rain, etc. 

 Some good and evil spirits are believed in by both the men and the 

 women (Dabbene, a, 76; h, 270; Beauvoir, h, 218; Cojazzi, 38). The 

 dead are feared (C. GaUardo, 321), especially dead witch-doctors, 

 who have power even after their death (Cojazzi, 38, 71-72; C. Gal- 

 lardo, 299, 341). Many natural objects, as mountains, sun, moon, 

 stars, etc., are believed to have once been men, and mountains at 

 least are feared and respected. Finally we may mention the initia- 

 tion spirits believed in only by the women and children (cf. infra, 

 under Initiations) , and the mythological beings, especially the myth- 

 hero Kuanip (cf. infra, under Mythology). 



TOTEMISM, ANIMISM, FETISHISM 



Among the Chonos, Alacaluf, and Yahgans there is not the slight- 

 est trace of either present or former totemism in any of its many 

 forms. Nor is there any tangible indication of it among the modern 

 Onas. If it be considered proven that the older Patagonians were 



