188 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY [bull, r.s 



Sea-food gathering 



The Yahgans and Alacaluf use a four-proiigi d woodwi fork for 

 taking sea urcliins (Hyades, q, 369, pi. xxxic, fig. 4; Dabbene, l, 183; 

 Skottsberg, c, 95; d, 604), and a flat-ended stick for patellas (ibid.). 

 Mytilus and other mussels are gathered by hand at low tide. The 

 harpoon also may be used in gathering crabs and other Crustacea, or 

 a three-pronged stick, into the crotch of wliicli is jammed a rock 

 which falls upon and pins down the crab (Hyades, g, 369-370, citing 

 Lovisato). The Alacaluf sometimes lash three harpoons together 

 (Reynaud, a, 94) ; the Yahgans in gathering sea food often used a 

 harpoon with two divergent shanks (Hyades, q, 356; Dabbene, h, 183; 

 Colini, 160-161), or two, three, or even four harpoons lashed together 

 (Th. Bridges, I, Sept. 1, 1874, 138; Mar. 1, 1876, 58). 



The Onas use a small spear with a barbed bone shank in gatlu^ring 

 crabs and Crustacea, and in fishing (Dabbene, ft, 250; C. Gallardo, 

 203-204). 



Dr. Hyades questions {q, 370-371) the exactitude of Admiral Fitz- 

 Roy's (a, 185-186) and Mr. Daiwin's (a, 1871 ed., 213) statements 

 regarding the Fuegian women's custom of diving for sea urchins, and 

 the Rev. Mr. Bridges had never seen the women do this (Hyades, q, 

 370). The Rev. Mr. Despard, however, attributes this custom to 

 them (&, 696), and in earlier times at least the custom was in vogue, 

 as is attested by eyewitnesses, among the Alacaluf (La Guilbaudiere, 

 6; Marcel, a, 490, 494; c, 108) and Chonos (Byron, a, 130-132, 123; 

 Alex. Campbell, 57, 31; Bulkeley and Cummins, anon, ed., 28-29, 

 other 1743 ed., 38-41 ; Affecting narrative, 45-46). The Chono Delco 

 testified to the usage among his people (Del Techo, 160), and Father 

 OHvares calls (372; cf. also 395) the Clionos "afamados buzos para 

 sacar el marisco." 



Fishing 



The Onas sometimes take fish by hand or spear them in shallow 

 water (C. Gallardo, 203). For line fishing the Yahgan women use a 

 kelp stem or whale-sinew braid, with a grooved stone sinker, and 

 with a quill slipknot to hold the bait (Hyades, q, 303, 370-371 ; Th. 

 Bridges, j, 315). 



FisliJiooliS.— With, the rare exceptions to be mentioned below, 

 first-hand authorities on Fuegian culture, even though describing the 

 native material culture in detail, are either sdent regarding the fish- 

 hook or else definitely deny its use by the Yahgans (Barclay, a, 64; 

 Th. Bridges, Ti, 210; /, 315; Hyades, 6, 1347; King, 428; W. Webster, 

 T, 182) and Alacaluf (Vargas Ponce, a, 341; cf. also Darwin, o, 1871 

 ed., 213). 



According to Cortes Hojea (Goicueta, 518), the Chonos had a 

 wooden fisliiiook, altliough Father Lozano (n, 559) seems rather to 



