cooper] BTBLTOGRAPHY OF TRIBES OF TTEEEA DEL FUEGO 101 



Rats.— Ruts arc not eaten by the Onas or the Yahgans except in 

 extreme necessity — dogs never (Hyades, 7, 339; C. Gallardo, 172, 70). 



Birds. — Birds may be killed with the sling or bow and arrow, or 

 taken in other ways. Snares consisting of a single noose or a series 

 of nooses made of guanaco sinew or whalebone are employed by all 

 three Fuegian tribes (Hyades, q, 9, 304; C. Gallardo, 192-193; 

 Dabbene, h, 251; Popper, a, 106). Sometimes these nooses are 

 placed at openings in small corrals of sticks or stakes (Th. Bridges, 

 7i, 210; Cojazzi, 56), or attached to the end of a long pole, the native 

 hiding behind a blind and mimicking the call of the bird (Th. Bridges, 

 h, July 1, 1879, 158; 7i, 210; C. Gallardo, 193). 



Cormorants. — In taking cormorants, which nest on the sides of 

 cliffs, the Fuegians and Chonos go at night with torches and often 

 with clubs; the native is either suspended from the brow of the 

 cliff with long thongs or else climbs up from the water's edge (Th. 

 Bridges, h, July 1, 1879, 156-158; C. Gallardo, 190-191; Garcia, a, 

 25, 38; A. Campbell, 60). On the use of the gorge hook, see above 

 under Fishhooks. 



General remarlcs — The dog is a valuable auxiliary in hunting. The 

 more common hunting weapon of the Onas is the l)ow and arrow, of 

 the Chonos, Alacaluf , and Yahgans the spear and harpoon. As noted 

 above, the Alacaluf use nets for hunting birds and seals. 



As a rule the Fuegians only half cook their food. Wooden two- 

 pronged tongs are used by the Yahgans (Hyades, q, 304) and Onas 

 (Dabbene, h, 251; C. Gallardo, 171, 290). For melting fat and hold- 

 ing grease the Yahgans use large mussel shells (Hyades, q, 306, 340), 

 the Onas a shoulder blade of a guanaco or seal (Cojazzi, 58). 



The Chonos were familiar with the use of hot stones for cooking 

 fish in their bark buckets (Rosales, a, vol. i, 151 ; h, cited by Medina, 

 a, 186), but the practice is not. found among the Fuegians. Heated 

 stones are, however, used by the Onas for heating or toasting fay 

 seeds (C. Gallardo, 173-174; Cojazzi, 61), and Dr. Hyades writes of 

 the Yahgans : "lis se servent de caiUoux chauff es au feu pour f aire 

 fondre la graisse et tiedirl'eau, dans lesqueUes ils plongent ces caiUoux" 

 (q, 340; cf. also 310). 



FIRE MAKING 



The pyrites-and-flint method is the only one ever reported for any 

 of the Fuegian tribes. Dr. Ratzel suggests (h, vol. i, 523; Engl, tr., 

 vol. II, 90) its possible introduction by Europeans, but the fact that 

 the method is reported from as far back as the time of Sarmiento, 

 who found it in 1580 in use among the Canoe Indians near the modern 

 Puiita Arenas (Iriarte's ed., 229, A71. Jddr., vii, 511) makes fairly cer- 



