rooPERl BTBLTOfiRAPHY OF TRIBES OF TTERRA DEL FUEGO 193 



Conical wigwams. — Both the Yahgans and the Oiias use also a more 

 substantial and usually larger wigwam, in construction like the bee- 

 hive hut, but cone-shaped, the framework being of stout sapling or 

 tree trunks (Hyades, q^, 343; L'Hermite, 42; de Brosses, i, 443; Des- 

 pard, h, 680; Dabbene, I, 178, 226; Cojazzi, 38-39; Fitz-Roy, a, 140; 

 Segers, 64; Furlong, d, 218; Tc). Among the Onas at least these more 

 solidly built huts are for more or less permanent use as compared with 

 the skin windshield which is put up for short or overnight stays 

 (Cojazzi, 38, 40; Dabbene, h, 226). Mr. Despard stated. (&, 680) that 

 the Yahgan beehive and conical huts are for summer and winter use, 

 respectively. 



Large wigwams. — Considerably larger wigwams, of circular or ellip- 

 tical ground plan, have been observed at times in Yahgan and Ala- 

 calufan territory (Fitz-Roy, a, 198-199, 215; King, 440, 441-442, 

 conical, 166; and especially description and cut in Skottsberg, 6, 262- 

 264; d, 598-599). Such large huts were used in the Yahgan mitia- 

 tion ceremonies, but it would seem that they were also used as common 

 shelters for several families, as Dr. Skottsberg found several hearths 

 in one. Dr. Hyades mentions a Yahgan partitioned wigwam {q, 342, 

 note), and Dr. Segers an ''enormous wigwam of pyramidal form" 

 used in winter by the southern Onas (64). This latter may have been 

 a council house (cf. Furlong, Z:). 



Other lands of shelters. — The Yahgans and Onas at times use caves 

 (Hyades, q, 8, 342), or make a rude shelter of a few branches tied 

 together or stuck in the ground (ibid., 341-342; Gunn, 325). The 

 Onas apparently sometimes use simple trenches or holes dug. in the 

 ground (Gunn, 326). The Yahgans sometimes construct smaller 

 wigwams, "consacrate agli amori" (Lovisato, h, 132-133) or for the 

 use of children (Hyades, q, 342; Th. Bridges, a, Fr. tr., 171; cf. also 

 Vincent, 123, for Alacaluf). A gable-roofed tent, in contour like 

 our A-tent and covered with bark, etc., is mentioned by Dr. Dabbene 

 (b, 226) and Prof. Furlong (d, 218; Jc) as used occasionaUy among the 

 Onas in winter or for longer stays. 



Sometimes the interior of the wigwam is scooped out among the 

 Onas (C. Gallardo, 244; Barclay, a, 72) and Yahgans (Hyades, q, 

 343 ; L'Hermite, 42 ; de Brosses, i, 443 ; Despard, b, 680). A little grass 

 or some branches are usually put on the floor (C. Gallardo, 244; 

 Hyades, q, 343-344). The fire is made in the center of the beehive 

 and conical huts and at the opening of the windshield. The huts 

 may have one or two doors; in the latter case one door is usually 

 toward the sea, the other opposite. 



Clothing 



Body covering.— ~T\\o skin mantle is the chief and common garment 

 of the Chonos and three Fuegian tribes. Between, however, the 



