cooi-EiiJ BIBLIOGRAPHY OF TRIBES OF TIERRA DEL FUEGO 201 



usually an old woman, sits in the stern and steers with a paddle or 

 short oar (Vincent, 123; Reynaud, a, 92; Skottsberg, c, 99; d, 600; 

 Fitz-Roy, a, 198; Dabbene, h, 214; cf. also Rosales, a, vol. i, 175). 

 No rudder is used. 



The paddles are in one piece with relatively long lanceolate blades 

 and without cross-handles. The Alacalufan oars are more commonly 

 reported as being of two pieces, a short romidish, eUij^tical, or oblong 

 blade lashed to a long handle (Skottsberg, c, 99; d, 600; Vincent, 123; 

 Coppinger, 44; Fitz-Roy, a, 198; Rochas, 223; Essendorfer, 61; 

 Brassey, 128). 



Bailers. — Some voyagers (Byron, a, 153; also in Fitz-Roy, h, 131; 

 de Labat and Du Plessis, in Marcel, a, 491-492; Fletcher, in Hyades, 

 q, 3) describe plank boats or bark canoes so well constructed and 

 calked as to require no bailing, but as an almost universal rule 

 both plank and bark canoes, even the Chilotan (Rosales, a, vol. i, 

 175: ''siempre hazen agua"; cf. also A. Campbell, 64), require 

 almost continual bailing. The cylindrical bailers are usually made 

 of bark or sealskin (Skottsberg, c, 99; d, 601; Hyades, q, 352, 306- 

 307, pi. XXXIII, fig. 3). 



Origin of the plank boat. — The true plank boat as distinct from the 

 built-up dugout appears to have been found in only one other place 

 on the American continent, that is, off the southern CaUfornia coast 

 (cf. Report U. S. geogr. surveys west of the one hundredth meridian, 

 VII, Archseology, Washington, 1879, 26, 38-39, 44). 



The Fuegian plank boat is not of Peruvian origin, as the Peruvians 

 had not this form of water craft and, besides, their influence did not 

 extend so far south. 



NoE is it of European introduction. It was found as early as 1558 

 by Cortes Hojea in Coronados Gulf, and was in all probability seen 

 by him as far south as Taitao Peninsula five years earher. In 1558 

 it was the common craft in the former locality and was observed in 

 "mucha cantidad.'' 



Nor is it of Fuegian origin. It was not found south of Cape Tres 

 Montes by either Cortes Hojea or LadriUero in 1557-58, although 

 they saw the bark canoe at many points between Cape Tres Montes 

 and the Strait of Magellan. 



The later history of the plank canoe shows that the Fuegians 

 acquired it from the Chonos. Was it invented by the Chonos, or 

 did they in turn acquire it from the southern Araucanians ? 



Admiral Fitz-Roy expressed the behef that "the Chonos people 

 taught the HuiUi-che how to make" it (a, 380). But as far as our 

 evidence goes the conclusion that the Chonos acquired the art from 

 the Araucanians is much more probable. 



Geographical conditions were as favorable for the advancement of 

 boat building among the southernmost Araucanians of Coronados 



