206 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY I bull, on 



160; Lovisato, h, 135, 138; Snow, a, vol. ii, 15; Hyacios, q, 301; 

 G. Forster, ii, 501, niigular ajnong Cliristinas Sound natives). Some 

 shafts in the collection of the National Museum at Wasliington are 

 nearly rectangular. The Fuegian shaft is from 2| to 4 meters long. 

 The shank is cut with single or serrate barbs arrayed unilaterally or 

 bilaterally and has a notched tang (Hyades, q, 301-302, 356; Cojazzi, 

 ill. opp. p. 123; Outes, d, 139, fig. 144). The shank is lashed to the 

 split end of the shaft with thong or sinew. Occasionally two shanks 

 are attached to the same shaft, or from two to four spears are lashed 

 together (cf. supra, under Fishing). 



The Chonos and canoe-using Indians south of Taitao Peninsula used 

 a bone-headed spear (Garcia, a, 30; Sarniiento, Iriarte's ed., 91, 123, 

 An. Mdr., vii, 428, 446; Alex. Campbell, 58; in Prevost, xv, 388; cf. 

 also Byron, a, 18, 142, and Benito Marin, in Gonzalez de Agiieros, 

 235). The single barbed "punales de hueso" found by Cortes Hojea 

 (Goicueta, 505, 518, 520) and Ladrillero (464, 473, 490) were very 

 probably bone spearheads (cf. Bougainville, 2d ed., i, 293); Vargas 

 Ponce (a, 347) speaks of a "punal de hueso" attached to a shank. 



The shank of the ordinary Yahgan and Alacalufan spear is pref- 

 erably of bone, though at times wood is used (Hyades, q, 302, 356; 

 Fitz-Roy, a, 139; Labat, in Marcel, a, 491; c, 108). The Alacaluf 

 and apparently the Yahgans, too, formerly used sometimes barbed 

 spearheads of flint or stone (Du Plessis, in Marcel, a, 491; Th. 

 Bridges, h, Mar. 1, 1873, 30; Aug. 1, 1884, 182; Coppinger, 119-121; 

 cf. also Bastian, i, 17; O'Sullivan, 49) shaped like arrowheads (Vargas 

 Ponce, a, 347; Wallis, in Hawkesworth. 1st ed., i, 391, 2d ed., i, 171, 

 "javehns . . . pointed with flint, which w^as wa-ought into the shape 

 of a serpent's tongue ") . Dr. Coppinger found in the Tom Bay kitchen 

 middens at 4 feet below the surface a bone spearhead different from 

 those now used; "instead of being rounded, it was flattened fiom side 

 to side, like a very large arrow-head" (58). 



The Alacaluf sometimes make a very simple wooden spear of a 

 pointed stick (Cojazzi, 123). A shankless spear, with a fire-hardened 

 point, is said to have been used by the "Caucahues" [ = Ch(mosl 

 (Pietas, in Gay, Doc, i, 504; cf, also Bastian, i, 17). 



The Onas use a shorter spear, with a shaft about 1^ metei-s long 

 and a unilaterally barbed bone shank, for fishing and huntuig (C. 

 Gallardo, 204, 282-283; Th. Bridges, i, in Hyades, q, 8-9). A 

 shorter spear is also sometimes used by the Yahgans (Hyades, q, 

 301-302; Ross, ii, 305) and Alacaluf (Vargas Ponce, a, 347). 



Neither the Chonos nor the Fuegians use any kind of spear thrower, 

 nor have they shields or armor. 



Harpoon proper. — The Fuegian harpoon is of the simplest and most 

 primitive type (cf. Mason, c), bemg merely the ordinary spear, with 

 the bone shank attached loosely to the shaft with a short (Hyades, 



