ON THE CANAANITES. 43 
We have also the genitive na, the adjective a and 7, and the 
dative or locative ta, while the grammatical structure of the 
names is that of the Turanian languages. More than forty 
Hittite words are thus, I believe, recoverable from town names. 
We may next turn to the names of the Hittite chiefs known 
to the Egyptians, which are to be analysed, I believe, as 
follows, taking the names from Chabas’ list, which shows the 
original hieroglyphics :— 
(1) Tartesepw contains the well-known word esebu, “ chief,” 
as in Akkadian, preceded by tar-t. Tar or tur is a Turkic 
word for chief, and the ¢ may be a case ending. It frequently 
is incorporated in names of the present class. 
(2) Pets appears to be the Turkic bis or pis, for a leader or 
chief, which is perhaps the Akkadian pis, rendered “hero.” 
(3) Kalbatus gives us an adjective, prefixed as usual in the 
Turkic languages, namely, khal, kal or gal, “great”; also 
known in Akkadian (gal) and in Susian (khal). Batus is 
apparently the Turkic batis for a prince or chief. The adjec- 
tive in living Turanian speech precedes the noun in most 
languages. In Medic and Akkadian it usually follows, but 
in the older of these tongues,—the Akkadian,—there are 
exceptions (see Lenormant, Magic, p. 285), just as in Medic 
and Akkadian there are certainly two positions for the 
genitive. 
(4) Samaritas. The ending tas appears to be connected 
with the Akkadian tassi, tis, and tassak, meaning a warrior 
or a king, according to Lenormant, and with the Turkic tds, 
“to rule ” or “ direct.’”’? The first part is less evident, perhaps 
from zwm, “ to destroy,” swmar, “ to throw down,” or perhaps 
from the Turkic som, “strong.” 
(5) Titar, probably the Akkadian ditar, “judge.” In 
Chinese ¢i means “ judge.”? The name may be read, however, 
tisetar. (See Nos. | and 4.) 
(6) Khalep-sar, ‘ruler of Aleppo.’ The word sar occurs 
in Akkadian, and in Turkic languages it is well known as tsar 
for aruler. This name, therefore, like No. 3, gives a valuable 
indication of the grammar of the language. If the words 
were Semitic, we should have sar kheleb, and could not 
possibly have kheleb sar. 
(7) Larkatasas. The first word is a very widely-spread 
term for chief, occurring all over Asia Minor and in Etruria 
in the forms tarkon and tarku, or tarkan and tarka. It 
seems clearly to be the Turkic tarkhan or torgan, a word for 
the chief of a tribe, found also in the old Mongol dialect called 
Buriat as darga or dargo. Tasas appears to be as in No. 4, 
