ON THE CANAANITES. AD5 
From this inspection we see that the same key which ex- 
plains the geographical names also explains the personal 
names of the Hittites. They appear to be appellations rather 
than names, just as the Persians or the Chinese took special 
names when succeeding to the throne. Compare also the title 
Pharaoh in Heypt. 
Four kings of the Hittites are mentioned in cuneiform 
records. Taking the transliteration given by Schrader, we 
find them to be— 
(18) Irkhulin or Irkhulini, King of Hamath. This is pro- 
bably the Turkic er, “ man,” and khalin, “ strong,’”’ “ big.” 
It thus answers to the Akkadian irkalla or wrugal, “hero,” 
the Etruscan ercle, the Greek Herakles, and Latin Hercules, 
names for which no Aryan etymology is found. 
(19) Sangar, King of Karchemish. Perhaps from the 
Turkic san, sang, “ noble,’ Medic sanu, ‘ powerful,” an 
adjective preceding the noun ay or er, “man ”—“ the noble- 
man.” ‘The termination of nouns in r iscommon in Akkadian 
and in Turkic dialects. 
(20) Pisiris. This appears to come from the Turkic root 
pis or bis, whence bajar or bisir, “a rich man,” ‘the great,” 
or “ wealthy.”’ 
(21) Imiel, probably, is to be compared with the Turkic 
yinil, meaning “ victorious.” 
This sort of investigation may be carried into the lan- 
guages of all the non-Semitic, non-Aryan tribes defeated 
by the Assyrians, between Media and Syria, with the same 
results. Professor Sayce has already poimted out that the 
nomenclature is of the same character found in Syria, but he 
has not attempted to compare with living languages. 
We, therefore, have, in addition to our previous words, the 
following Hittite terms :— 
Tar, ‘‘ chief.’? Tarka, Tarkan, ‘ chief.” 
Hsebu, “ prince.” Pigs,’ “leader.” 
Kal, “ great.” Batus, “ chief.” 
Tas, “ leader” (?). Titar, “ judge.” 
sare lord.” Lab, ‘* bravo.” 
Nas, ‘‘ king.” San, “ noble.’’ 
Pisir, “ magnate.” Iniel, *‘ victorious.” 
This gives us sixty words in all, in addition to grammatical 
particles,—words, let us remember, of the Canaanite language 
almost as early as the days of Abraham. 
This result fully agrees with the Old Testament account of 
the sons of Ham. The names Anak, Ephron, Mamre, and 
