ON THE CANAANITES. 53 
To this list a great many other words might be added, 
derived, as in the case of the Hittite names given already, from 
the known personal and geographical names of the region; 
but it is safer to confine ourselves to words of known mean. 
ing. The Carian Kalabotes compares with the Hittite galbatus, 
and Gugos with the Lydian Gyges and the Biblical Gog ; while 
the Carian alphabet contains letters recognised as derived 
from the old Syrian hieroglyphics. 
Lydian Words. 
Many words so-called by the classical writers appear to be 
Aryan, but some which cannot be so explained are clearly of 
the same stamp with the Carian. 
(1) Latlas, a tyrant. This has already been found in the 
Hittite name lists as lel, and in Akkadian as Jala, “ ruler.” 
Hunnic luli, “ chief,” 
(2) Targanon, a branch. This is best explained, perhaps, 
by the Esthonian targan, “to sprout out.” 
(3) Sardin, a year. Compare the Medic sarak, “time,” 
and the Turkish sal for “year.” In Mongolian sara means 
“a month.” 
(4) Mous, “the earth.” Compare the Hungarian mezo 
and Ksthonian meisa, “earth,” “land.” 
There is a great deal more evidence of the same kind 
which can be produced showing that the old speech of Asia 
Minor, like the Etruscan, the Akkadian, and the Medic is to 
be explained by aid of Tartar and Ugric languages of the 
present day, but the clear cases here given may perhaps 
be considered sufficient demonstration. In vain have scholars 
attempted, by aid of Aryan and Semitic languages, to explain 
words which are so clearly Turanian.* 
In conclusion, I would say a few words as to the civilisation 
of the dominant Canaanites of Turanian race, comparing the 
results obtained from the monuments with the Old Testa- 
ment. From the monuments we know— 
(1) The Hittites lived in walled towns. 
(2) They had carved representations of the gods. 
(3) They adored Tammuz, and Ashtoreth, and Set. 
(4) They could write on stone and on metal. 
* Medic has long been known to be nearest to Turkic speech (as Dr. 
Oppert discovered), Akkadian was thought by Lenormant to be nearer the 
Finnic, but Dr. Hommel is clearly correct in placing it nearer to Turkic and 
Mongolian. 
