86 CUTHBERT COLLINGWOOD, ESQ., M.A., B.M. (OXON.), ETC. 
the highest organisation, such as the elephant, the monkey, 
or the domesticated dog—undoubtedly the most seemingly 
intelligent of all the animal races. The first-mentioned 
class of phenomena is observable in utterly untaught in- 
vertebrate, and generally minute, animals, whose sensory 
ganglia are indeed large in comparison with their total 
bulk, but yet greatly inferior in anatomic construction, and 
in differentiation, to the true cerebral lobes of vertebrated 
animals ; in fact, only exhibitg in the highest instances a 
tendency to the concentration of these gangla into one or 
two quasi-cerebral masses.* 
And yet it is the acts of such humble and often tiny mem- 
bers of the invertebrate animal kingdom (Articulata) which 
most astonish the thoughtful mid, and have furnished 
the problems alike for the mathematician and the psycho- 
logist. And it is, at the same time, such acts which come 
purely and simply under the term Instinct, acts which, 
unaided by contact with any other race than their own, and 
unsuspected of any subjection to human influence or human 
instruction, are yet performed generation after generation, 
practically unchanged, and spontaneously by the newest 
equally as by the oldest of the individuals; whereas the 
second class of phenomena is exhibited by animals high in 
the scale of organisation, and in greater degree where 
human influence, teaching, and example (we might almost 
say) are brought to bear—as, for instance, among animals 
subject to domestication. 
The great functional principles to which all the phenomena 
of Instinct may be referred, may be briefly and inclusively 
classed under the two heads of self-preservation and reproduc- 
tion. These great functional activities undoubtedly (it is true) 
constitute an essential and even considerable part of the nature 
of Man, although we would not be understood to assert that 
Man possesses them in the same instinctive form as animals 
undoubtedly do. But the lower nature of Man is more or 
less swayed by these two natural principles ; and the cravings 
of his sensual part on their behalf place him so far upon 
common ground with animals. And the more these prin- 
ciples are permitted to act m him, without the restraint of 
the higher and specially human faculties, the more does he 
become like the “ beasts which perish,” while the more these 
* Mr. Darwin, with (as it appears to me) a most astounding failure of 
appreciation of human faculty, says, “the brain of the ant is one of the 
most marvellous atoms of matter in the world, perhaps more marvellous 
than the brain of man.”— Descent of Man, i, 145. 
