88 CUTHBERT COLLINGWOOD, HSQ., M.A., B.M. (OXON.), ETC. 
up and perpetuated. It is true that it has a subjective cha- 
racter, but in organised beings possessing an elaborate 
nervous system such subjective phenomena cannot but be 
exhibited in correspondence with cerebral development, and 
in accordance with nervous function ; yet only in such pro- 
portion as should distinctly adumbrate the full and complete, 
genuine love of the offsprmg, which alone is characteristic of 
the complete human being. 
For it is easy to perceive the essential difference between 
the natural affection existing between animals and their 
partners and offspring, and the human domestic relations. 
Among animals such partnerships are, in the majority of 
cases, merely temporary, and even their parental affection is, 
as we have seen, soon, in many cases, cast out by stronger 
instincts. However beautiful and touching the devotion 
shown by the actual mother to her young, it is not lasting, 
but is, in fact, frequently succeeded by an equally natural 
hatred. It is in Man alone that conjugal love is of an 
enduring nature, and survives the mere attractions of sense, 
because it is founded upon a distinctly different and essen- 
tially higher principle than mere instinctive animal passion ; 
and parental love, in Man, is not the temporary instinctive 
attachment which it is in animals, but an undying affection, 
founded in the recesses of an elevated moral nature, and 
bound to the inmost soul by the ties of conscious duty and 
responsibility. Love in Man has a different and far higher 
source, and strengthens with time, surviving and transcend- 
ing sense, and even Life itself. 
In common with animals it is true that we perform certaim 
automatic actions which refer to the spontaneous or habitual 
exercise of bodily functions, in which we assist Nature, as in 
deglutition, &c., or, again, certain semi-automatic move- 
ments, which take place sometimes with, and sometimes 
without, our sensible co-operation, such as the application of 
the hands to the mouth and to various other parts of the 
body, or the direction of the movements of the feet, as in 
walking, and the maintenance of the erect posture. More- 
over, animals are, like us, subject to impressions of a 
sensuous nature, and to certain emotions, bearing upon, or 
related to, and, indeed, inseparable from, the two great 
categories of instinct above specified. Rising higher in the 
scale of their endowments, we find them (unconsciously, 
indeed) associating these impressions, and by the aid of a 
certain power of memory (of a very external kind) rendering 
their retrospective impressions subservient to anticipatory 
