98 CUTHBERT COLLINGWOOD, ESQ., M.A., B.M. (OXON.), ETC. 
that the Intelligence of Man is not an extension upon the 
same plane, or in mere degree, of the instinct of animals, 
but that a totally new principle i is introduced into the human 
mind which raises it far above and out of the reach of 
Instinct—a principle which has elevated the human being, if 
not at once by a bound, yet at least with rapid strides, to an 
immense height above what had hitherto been the plane of 
its mere animal analogue, which we call Instinct. 
Every animal, we repeat, is possessed at its birth with its 
own special and peculiar affection, which we call its nature, 
an affection which is entirely of a corporeal and sensuous 
character. And inasmuch as this sensuous affection is its 
very nature, its very self, it governs the animal in all its 
movements, rules it in all its actions, and is indeed its will, 
by which it is swayed and led in every particular of its 
life. In this government and direction of its actions, there 
is no such thing as thought, but these actions are deter- 
mined solely by sensuous perceptions through which they 
are enabled to a certain extent to associate the present with 
the past; and also by means of such associations ta draw 
simple practical conclusions in the way of experience, which 
may serve to guide them in the future. These simple con- 
clusions are aided by a low form of imagination and its 
cognate memory; but all these mental characteristics have 
reference to sensuous and corporeal states only, as opposed 
to abstraction and reasoning. 
Further, the affection into which every animal is born has 
constant reference to the two great corporeal functions of 
nutrition and reproduction. . These are their dominant cha- 
racteristics, and these characteristics express themselves in 
the various forms and phases of self-preservation and the 
sexual instinct. To one or ather of these may be referred 
every action and every movement; one or other of these 
functions lies at the root of every manifestation which illus- 
trates the nature of animals; and these two functions 
together constitute the affection which is their very life. 
And even those accessory phenomena which exhibit them- 
selves under certain special conditions, and which appear to 
be of an exceptional character, may be regarded as resulting 
from the slightly more than ‘ordinarily complex operations 
of the same impulses, leading to less easily explicable acts, 
it is true, which yet, however, cannot be considered as 
indications of anything approaching to human Reasoning, 
because Thought is aboriginally wanting in all the animal 
races. 
