100 CUTHBERT COLLINGWOOD, ESQ., M.A., B.M. (OXON.), ETC. 
their inarticulate cries, and are supplementary to them: so 
that the one may, in most cases, be recognised as uniformly 
accompanying the other, and both be predicated as coexistent. 
But there is nothing in these gestures at all comparable with 
the impartment of ideas by the intelligent signs used by a 
dumb man, by which signs, indeed, every conception, con- 
crete or abstract, may be conveyed with almost perfect and 
unerring facility, and entirely without the aid of articulate 
speech. There is, indeed, as wide a difference between the 
gestures of an animal and the gesture-language of a dumb 
man as there is between the bark of a dog and the speech 
of an orator.* 
The conditions, by a comparison with which we may best 
estimate the character of animal instinct, are those of somnam- 
bulism. The somnambulist performs various actions with the 
same precision with which he would perform them if awake ; 
moreover, he enacts feats which, in a waking state, he 
would not attempt; and many marvellous characteristics of 
this abnormal condition are on record. The somnambulist 
walks and talks, performs on musical instruments, and 
carries out plans which have occupied his waking thoughts, 
and which are thus impressed upon his mind. And yet he 
has but a very imperfect consciousness of his acts; certain 
senses are specially acute, while others, and the intellectual 
faculties in general, are in astate of sleep or abeyance. He acts 
as ina dream, and for what he does he is not held account- 
able, inasmuch as his condition 1s recognised as one im which 
his ordinary faculties are dormant, and in which he is, there- 
fore, not a responsible being. since he does not possess the 
euidance of reason and intelligence, or the volition which 
can only spring therefrom. 
So would it appear to be with animals, What is an 
* Tt may here be justly remarked that hardly enough stress has been 
laid upon the influence of form in judging of the actions of certain 
animals (such as apes) whose organs, from their similarity to homologous 
organs in Man, give them a power which is wrongly called imitation, and 
which is liable to be mistaken for an exhibition of intelligence, whereas 
it is merely a necessary concomitant, and, indeed, consequence, of similarity 
of structure. The movements of a parrot—its use of a prehensile foot— 
gives it a “knowing” aspect, too apt to be mistaken for superior wisdom, 
and the same may be said of certain Rodents; but in a more marked 
degree with the Simiadz, whose anthropoid forms necessitate certain 
actions which are thoughtlessly brought under the category of intentional 
imitation, the fruit of a superior intelligence ; whereas the animal pos- 
sessing legs, arms, and a body so nearly approaching the human can act 
with them not otherwise than in a manner resembling human movements. 
