- onetearnesiy 
|‘ INSTINCT AND REASON. 101 
abnormal state of a reasoning Man is the normal condition of 
unreasoning animals. They perform their actions, their 
movements, and their gestures according as they are led by 
their corporeal and sensuous affection ; “they act as though 
apparently conscious of and under the influence of surround- 
ing objects and conditions, but the intellectual faculty, the 
mind, is absent, or as though plunged in a profound sleep. 
They do not therefore reflect—do not think— and therefore 
there is no true volition, and they are altogether without 
responsibility. All the actions of their life fail to come 
within the grasp of mental consciousness. They are not, it 
is true, mere automatic machines, but they have each a 
definite nature or affection implanted in them, against which, 
like the somnambulist, they cannot possibly act, but which is, 
in hae sufficient for their guidance in every event of their 
lives. To this end their external senses are ver y acute, and 
especially those senses which are essential to each particular 
animal respectively for the perfect working of its special 
instincts relating to nutrition and reproduction. For since 
they cannot apply reasoning power either to the cause or 
direction of their instincts, their capacity of sensation must 
supply all such deficiencies ; and, for this end, it is enlarged 
to the utmost, in order that the objects immediately pre- 
sented to those senses ma y supply a stimulus which shall be 
in all respects adequate to their needs and requirements. 
It is the versatility of instinct, thus produced, which gives 
rise to actions which so often deceive the observer, from 
their apparent resembiance to Reason; but it is evident, 
unless it can be shown that all that we have so far advanced 
in this paper is unphilosophical, and devoid of foundation in 
physiological or psychological truth, that while, on the one 
hand, thought and reason are absent, the stimulus afforded 
in their place by instinct should be sufficient in its degree, 
and adequate in its potency, to supply the deficiency—at all 
events, so far as to enable the animal to perform all those 
functions which may be summed up as appertaining to the 
two great generalities of nutrition (including self-preserva- 
tion) and reproduction. 
Moreover, it is a consideration in unison with what we 
distinctly believe to be the merciful arrangement and dispo- 
sition of events, that it follows from the above arguments 
that animals, while not automata, although they undoubtedly 
suffer pain under the same circumstances which would pain- 
fully affect ourselves, nevertheless do not experience paintul 
sensations to the sare extent as we do. For they are in- 
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