260 PROFESSOR RUDOLPH VIRCHOW 
There is still one single place in the world where there is a slight 
possibility of new discoveries—that is, in the Peninsula of Malacca. 
We have an energetic agent at work there. From certain state- 
ments, it seems that the natives there may, in some measure, corre- 
spond to the demands made for the lowest race. Elsewhere we 
know them all. Patagonians, Esquimaux, Bushmen, Veddas, 
Laplanders, Australian, Polynesian and Melanesian islanders, have 
gradually become known, and of many among them we really know 
more than of European peoples. If, for example, you compare some 
of these islanders with the Albanians, I may say that there has 
been far more investigation into the physical constitution of the 
Polynesian natives than into that of the several Albanian tribes. 
So then, all these uncivilized tribes, who stand so low in their 
intellectual development, have been gradually discovered to us. 
Of most of them we have seen good typical examples, even in 
Europe, of whose entire organism the most exact observations have 
been taken: not a few have died in Europe, and thus have been 
made the subjects of exact investigation. For instance, we possess 
more exact investigations of the brain of the Patagonian 
than of the brain of civilised Asiatic peoples. From all these 
investigations it is clear that among all uncivilised tribes there is not 
a single one that would stand so near, or at all nearer, to the ape 
than tous. But the following is the usual calenlation by which the 
systematic naturalist describes the limit between species and 
genera. When he finds that the sum of the characteristics of the 
one equals the sum of_that of the other, he draws a line by which 
both are separated from neighbouring species or genera. But if 
the sum of the characteristics are unequal, he separates them by a 
line, making them distinct species or genera. Such a line we 
always make in favour of the individuality of man. Hach 
living race of men is still purely human; none has yet been 
found that can be affirmed as ape-like or _half-ape-like. 
This is the great difference of our present experience. 
**J will, however, remark, that among men also there is a set of 
phenomena which has been designated as ‘apish’ (pithecoid). 
I myself have never been blind to the existence of certain 
formations, which could not be simply made intelligible as mere 
disturbances or obstructions in development. For example, to 
take a special case, the higher apes often display a peculiar 
