262 PROFESSOR RUDOLPH VIRCHOW. 
grown together into a single bone, which elsewhere is scarcely 
found in man. These are forms peculiar to apes, especially to 
catarrhine apes. The catarrhine nose therefore is a kind of 
pithecoid element (Theromorphy). This is found more frequently 
no doubt in certain places, and one might conceive that there 
perhaps there may have been nearer relations to the apes. Nor is 
it without importance, that of anthropoid apes, the gorilla and 
chimpanzee, have their home in Africa, the orang and the gibbon 
in the Indian archipelago. 
“But if you ask further: may not the Australians and African 
negroes, may not the Malays and Alfuren, be themselves the 
missing links, which lead to the bridge between man and ape, no 
one can answer with an absolute No. Why should it not be 
possible? Butfrom possibility to reality there is a very 
long step; even all else that constitutes anape. For it 
is not merely the process of the temporal bone, the catarrhine nose 
and the prognathic jaw, that make an ape, but many other characters 
are necessary to constitute him. frst of all, we can demonstrate an 
ape from every strip of hide. No anatomist, I suppose, has ever 
doubted the fact. Indeed, the distinctions between man and ape 
reach so far, that almost every fragment suffices for a diagnosis. 
Here much is wanting to the proof of descent. Hence if I keep 
in view the problems of the future, I would insist on the 
necessity, precisely within the regions above indicated, of far 
more searching investigations in respict to earlier development. 
As the first and most important requisite I would lay down 
investigations on a larger scale into the prehistoric man of Australia. 
In Indonesia especially many researches still need to be made. If 
anthropologically trained physicians reside there permanently 
and carry on investigations, there may perhaps be forthcoming 
essential and important evidence. But up to the present such 
evidence is wanting; if we would study the history of man, our 
evidence is limited to what is offered by the ancient graves, a 
couple of caverns, the lake dwellings and the present time. 
‘‘T must not, however, conceal from you that the investigations 
of all known burial-places and lake dwellings and caves have 
always revealed to us men of whom we need not be ashamed. We 
can recognize them as full brothers. Through the kindness and 
help of Swiss colleagues, it was possible for me to make a com- 
