328 PROFESSOR E. HULL, LL.D., F.R.S., F.G.8., ON THE 
the great Pachyderms and Felines into Africa, where they 
became objects of the chase. Certain it is, that rude stone 
weapons, works of human art, occur in the ancient terraces 
on the banks of the Nile at Wady Halfa, and perhaps else- 
where, and which are of an age long anterior to the most 
ancient works of Egyptian art which adorn the banks of the 
river. 
(4.) Pluvial Period (“ Champlain Period” of America). 
Depression of Land and Raised Beaches.—I have already 
referred to the raised sea-beaches of Lower Egypt, at 
intervals along the margin of the table-lands by which the 
alluvial plain of the Nile is bounded. They have been 
recognised on the slopes of Gebel Mokattam, behind Cairo, at 
an elevation of about 220 feet above the present sea level ; 
at G. Attaka, and Moses’ Wells, near the coast of the Gulf of 
Suez,* and at a spot about 2 miles south of the Pyramid of 
Ghizeh, on the margin of the platform of Nummulitic lime- 
stone on which the Pyramids have been erected. These old 
sea-margins were first recognised by Dr. Oscar Fraas,{ and 
have since been described by Schweinfurth,} Dawson,§ and 
the Author.|| At Gebel Mokattam, the Eocene limestone 
cliff has been perforated by Pholades (Ph. rugosa, Broc.), and 
in the gravel beds lying up against the rock, and slopmg 
away towards the south, shells such as Ostrea undata, Tere- 
bratella forscata, Pecten Dunkeri, and Balanus, now inhabit- 
ing the Red Sea, are also found. The beds of gravel and 
marl, near the Pyramid platform, contain similar shells and 
numerous large Clypeasters (C. Agyptiacus ?), which have 
long been known to the Arabs, but only recently to the 
scientific public. The terrace of the one side of the valley 
is undoubtedly representative of that on the other, and, 
together with others at various parts of the coast of 
Palestine and Syria, prove a general depression of the land 
* These terraces are very well marked between Moses’ Wells and the 
escarpment of the limestone, at the base of which are terraces of sand full 
of oysters, Trochus, Conus and other shells at successive levels. 
+ Fraas, Aus dem Orient, p. 161. 
{ Schweinfurth. “Ueber de Geolog. Schichten d Mokattam,” Zectsch. d. 
Deuts. Geol. Geselischaft (1883). 
§ Dawson, Geol. Mag., No. 241; also Modern Science in Bible Lands, 
p- 537. 
|| Phys. Geol. Arabia Petrea, p. 70. These beds were considered as 
Miocene by Fraas, but Schweinfurth and Dawson both consider them more 
recent, probably “ Pleistocene,” in which view I concur, 
