PEIMITIVE MAN : II. NEOLITHIC MAN. 273 



valleys high above the channels which the rivers now occupy. 

 Not only had a change come about in the fauna, but an 

 equally great one is observed in the flora ; as the climate 

 became warmer, new plants made their appearance, a curious 

 evidence of this change has been found in Denmark, where in 

 those great mosses Avhich are there called " skovmoses," the 

 pine tree is seen to have preceded the oak, Avhilst the oak ap- 

 peared before the birch and the beech, the alder, and the hazel. 

 Let us now turn to the men and see what traces they have 

 left behind them of their presence in these countries, and 

 what we can learn as to their manner of life ; and also 

 endeavour to discover to what existing race or races of man- 

 kind they may have belonged. 



The Kjoklcen modelings. 



At various points on the Danish coast are heaps of refuse, 

 consisting largely of oyster and other shells, the bones of 

 animals, and the flint implements of man ; these accumula- 

 tions are termed Kjokkenmoddings, literally kitchen-mid- 

 dens, they are beyond all doubt the remains left by the men 

 who then dwelt on the shores of Denmark, and Avhose relics 

 are also found in the great mosses of that country. These 

 men appear to have been the earliest to enter Scandinavia, 

 and although classed amongst the Neolithic joopulations, their 

 culture was not so advanced as was that of the Neolithic men 

 generally ; no polished implements have been found amongst 

 the shell heaps, nor any trace of agricultural knowledge, they 

 Avere not a pastoral people, but lived entirely on the products 

 of the chase or of the sea, and had no domestic animals save 

 the dog, the marks of whose teeth are abundant on the bones 

 present in the Kjokkemnoddings. Amongst the animals 

 Avliose remains are found were the Urus, the great Avild ox, 

 which Avas familiar to the PalEeolithic hunters, the red deer^ 

 the reindeer, which had not entirely disappeared from this 

 part of Europe, the fox, the lynx, the A\dld cat, the goat, the 

 Avild boar, the wolf, the badger, the beaver, and the seal, and 

 there Avere also certain birds, such as the Avild SAvan, the 

 goose, the duck, the gTouse, and the penguin. Many bones 

 of A'arious species of fish, and enormous quantities of oyster 

 shells, as Avell as other shells help to sAvell the heaps. The 

 traces of man's presence are also abundant, such as unpolished 

 but chipped stone implements, and many made out of bone 

 or antler, such as needles, awls, fish-hooks, and combs ; frag- 

 ments of pottery are also met Avith. 



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