PRIMITIVE MAN : II. NEOLITHIC MAN. 285 



the Pleistocene fauna, a new race of men entered Europe, 

 and did so probably from the East. We have noticed inci- 

 dentally amongst the various ornamental objects of the 

 Neolithic age certain beads made out of turquoise, a 

 material which was known to the ancients under the name 

 of "Callais," the precious stone described by Pliny, and 

 which in his time was derived from the Caucasus, and from 

 even more Eastern localities than this; beads of this 

 material have been found in tolerable abundance in the 

 dolmens of Brittany, in Southern France, and also in Spain 

 and Portugal; but no European source from which tur- 

 quoise could have been obtained is known. Another stone 

 which was frequently used during this age, and whicli 

 occurs very sparingly in Europe is jade, and implements of 

 this material, which is common in certain parts of Asia, are 

 met with all over Europe, and were evidently much valued. 

 Another thing which points towards the East is the 

 oriental origin of the cereals, and also of some of the 

 animals which were introduced by the Neolithic race, and 

 which were domesticated by them. Amongst the animals 

 Avas the dog, which ]\I. de J\Iortillet is inclined to connect with 

 tlie wild species still found in India. The goat he derives 

 from the wild " Capra egagrus " an oriental species, whilst 

 the sheep and the pig also find their reiDresentatives in 

 oriental regions, the former being closely connected with 

 the "Musimon musmon" or Moufflon sheep of Co-'sica, 

 Sardinia, Cyprus, and Asia Minor, and probably also with 

 the allied Tartar species the " Musimon argali.' M. de 

 JMortiilet thinks the domestication of these animals, as well 

 as of the horse, and the ox, originated in that region where 

 all of them, together with others, were to be found assembled 

 as they were not elsewhere, viz., the area comprised by Asia 

 Elinor, Armenia, and the district to the south of the 

 Caucasus. It seems on the whole probable that migrations 

 amongst the human family took place, as I have said, 

 towards the beginning of Neolithic times, and it is also 

 probable that more than one race took part in this move- 

 ment, as there is evidence derived from the different types 

 of skulls met Avith, that together with a Dolichocephalic or 

 long-headed race there were numerous representatives, and 

 especially towards the close of this age, of a round-headed 

 or Brachycephalic race. It was thought many years ago 

 now, by Dr. Thurnam that Britain Avas inhabited during the 

 Neolithic age by a Dolichocephalic race which toAvarcls the 



