ON HUMAN RESPONSIBILITY. 51 
“The motto over the doors of the old Temple at Delphi might well be 
inscribed still on prominent places farther west. No doubt many hold 
loose views as to human responsibility, because they refuse to believe in a 
divine revelation ; but I think there is equally no doubt that there are 
those whose belief as to this subject is vitiated by a false view of man as 
man, and of his relation to the universe itself.” 
Dr. D. Bippie, the author of Ratio Rationis, referred to by Lord 
Grimthorpe iv the 4th page of his paper, sends “ A summary of 
what Paley has said on the subject under discussion, and his own 
words in refutation thereof ’’:— 
“ Our next instance shall be taken from Paley’s celebrated disquisition 
on a moral sense, its existence in man or otherwise, given in the work on 
Moral Philosophy (Book I., Chap. 5). He begins by giving the case of 
Caius Toranius, who betrayed his own father to arrest and death ; and, 
after depicting the deed in all its malignity, he says, ‘The question is, 
whether, if this story were related to the wild boy caught some years ago 
in the woods of Hanover, or to a savage without experience, and without 
instruction, cut off in his infancy from all intercourse with his species, 
and, consequently, under no possible influence of example, authority, 
education, sympathy, or habit ; whether such a one would feel, upon the 
relation, any degree of that sentiment of disapprobation of Toranius’ 
conduct which we feel or not?’ And that we may be in no doubt as to 
what. he considers to be the matter in dispute, he further says, ‘They who 
maintain the existence of a moral sense ; of innate maxims ; of a natural 
conscience ; that the love of virtue and the hatred of vice are instinctive, 
or the perception of right and wrong intuitive (all which are only different 
ways of expressing the same opinion), affirm that he would. They who 
deny the existence of a moral sense, &c., affirm that he would not.’ After 
saying that ‘what would be the event can only be judged of from probable 
reasons, he proceeds in the most lucid language to give the various reasons. 
adduced on either side. Thus, the one party assert that a certain appro- 
bation of noble deeds and a corresponding condemnation of vice, are 
instantaneous and without deliberation ; and also uniform and universal. 
But the other side show that nearly every form of vice has at some time or 
in some country been countenanced by public opinion, even by philosophers 
and others in high position ; that we ourselves do not perfectly agree as 
to what is right and what is wrong; and that the general though not 
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