ON THE GARDEN OF EDEN, 91 
of the Persian Gulf’—the place to which Um-napistim, the 
Chaldean Noah, was translated, as to a paradise (see the 
Chaldean account of the Deluge). It is not improbable that 
the Babylonian idea of the position of Paradise should have 
been, that it lay somewhere in their own native land. ‘This 
question, however, is quite distinct from that of the position of 
the Biblical Paradise, as described in Genesis. 
“You will see on p. 30 of the ‘ Proceedings of the Society 
of Biblical Archeology,’ December, 1881, that I have pointed 
out the duality of names which formerly existed in the ancient 
East, places at a distance from each other being designated in 
thesame way. Thus we have the Musri, to the north of Assy- 
ria, and the name Musur (Misir) applied to Egypt; the Cush, 
Cappadocia and the Cush, Ethiopia; the Makan and Melubha 
in Babylonia and the districts of the same name to the south- 
west of Babylonia, formerly regarded as names of districts 
of Egypt, but now supposed to designate the peninsula of 
Sinai; and, finally, the use of the ideogram for Akkad 
CS =F <JEY) to designate both Armenia and the northern 
part of Babylonia—all these peculiarities have a meaning, 
and seem to me to bear upon the question of the position of 
Paradise, which, as I have said, the Babylonians seem to 
have wished to locate in their own country.* There is 
another duality of names, however, which seems to me to be 
of very great importance—Delitzsch has pointed out in his 
Paradies, that the cuneiform inscriptions inform us that 
the non-Semitic name of the Araxes was Guhandé, a name 
which he identifies with Gihon. He does not, however, draw 
the obvious conclusion that this may be merely copied from 
the Armenian Gaihtin-er-R4s—‘the Gihon-Araxes,’ with a 
folk-etymology thrown in.f The Babylonian Guhandé= 
Arahtu is therefore a reflection only of the Armenian Gathiin 
(Gihon) er-Ras (Araves).” 
It is necessary that the number, direction, and names of 
the four rivers which rose from one source, 7.e., the river of 
Eden, must first be proved to exist in Babylonia before we 
can be made to believe that the Garden of Eden was situated 
in Southern Babylonia. All I can say is, if the Babylonians 
fancied that a Gan-dunias was localized in their marshy 
country, it had no connexion whatever with the Hebrew Hden, 
out of which issued a river which was divided on entering 
* It is the Babylonian Paradise which Delitzsch has found. 
t+ Guhandé is an Akkadian word, meaning ‘ let him speak.” 
