ON THE GARDEN OF EDEN. 93 
out of Eden to water the Garden which was purted, or 
divided, and became into four heads, one of which was called 
Euphrates, and not that the Euphrates was divided and 
became into three rivers. The canals which the learned 
Professor mentions are merely artificial branches dug out 
from the Euphrates about 900 miles below its source, and it 
is quite a mystery to me how any one can make them 
correspond with the two rivers Pison and Gihon, which 
sprang from the same source as the other well-known Biblical 
rivers, the Hiddekel and Euphrates. The four rivers must 
have branched off simultaneously from the same quarter and 
run down their respective courses. 
Professor Delitzsch also brings forward another argument 
in support of his Babylonian theory regarding the site of the 
Garden of Eden, that the word 35 Nahr in the Semitic 
languages means both a natural river and artificial canal. 
He is right in one sense if we take the Nahr to mean a 
stream, whether it is the Mississippi or any of the English 
artificial canals, but he seems not to know that in all Biblical 
lands there are loca] names to distinguish the difference 
between a great river anda canal. For instance, rivers like 
the Euphrates, Tigris, and Nile, are either called the river or 
they are mentioned by name. Supposing we take the 
Thames and the London canals as an example, the former 
would be designated either as the river or the Thames, and 
the latter as the Paddington, the Regent, or the Surrey, 
with or without the addition of river to them. Thus the 
Euphrates would be called in Babylonia either the Shatt, the 
Nahr, or the Firath (the Arabic word for Euphrates), while 
the artificial canals would be styled by their proper names, 
or with the word Nahr attached, like the Mahhaweel, or 
Nahr-al-Mahhaweel, the Hindia, or Nahr-al-Hindia, the Tah- 
mazzia, or Nahr-al-T'ahmazzia, and so forth. Besides the 
Euphrates, the Neel canal and the river Hai are called Shatt, 
because the former was named after the great Egyptian 
river, and the latter a natural outlet from the ‘Tigris, 
opposite Coot-al-Omara, which runs into the Euphrates a few 
miles above Souk-ash-Shiokh. 
Moreover, if we refer to the Hebrew Scripture, we shall 
find the word Nahr was very seldom used for any other 
stream but a natural river. For instance, in Ezra, which is 
written in Chaldee, the Euphrates is always called there by 
the word \q3, Nahr, but when Daniel wrote about his vision 
at Elam, he called rivers of Ulai bass. Abbal, or ba4 59, Obbal.* 
* Daniel vii., 2, 3, and 6. 
