ON THE GARDEN OF EDEN. 113 
In the Septuagint, instead of Ur of the Chaldees it is 
translated country of the Chaldees, which agrees with the 
apology of St. Stephen the martyr, before the High Priest, 
when he said, ‘“ The God of Glory appeared unto our father, 
Abraham, when he was in Mesopotamia, before he dwelt in 
Charran, and said unto him, Get thee out of thy country, and 
from thy kindred, and come into the land which I shall show 
thee. ‘Then came he out of the land of the Chaldeans, and 
dwelt in Charran.’’* 
Moreover, in the Book of Joshua (chapter xxiv, 2, 3) it is 
plainly shown that Abraham had crossed from Mesopotamia 
to the Land of Canaan; and as I said before that Aram, of 
the two rivers, was never understood by the Hebrews to 
mean Southern Babylonia, but merely confined to the land 
bordering on Assyria, as far as Tikreet on the Tigris, it is 
contrary to reason to suppose that Aram-Nahraim of the 
Bible meant the Land of Shinar.t 
Vv 
word Akkad out so that it gets mixed up, so to say, with Sumer (= Shinar). 
In my opinion the following terms are equivalent :— 
Akkadian ... Kingi- Uri. 
Assyrian... Sumer and Akkad. 
Hebrew ..... Shinar and Kasdim (eres Kasdim). 
The Hebrews only knew of a city of Akkad, which they described as 
being in the land of Shinar. This isnot quite correct. The city of Akkad 
was in the land of Akkad, whose southern, or south-eastern boundary was 
v 
Sumer or Shinar. This error was probably, however, popular and wide. 
spread. Sumer or Shinar is always mentioned first in the inscriptions, 
and this makes it seem as if, at one time, it was the more important 
district. The Kalda or Kaldda (Chaldeans) and the Arama (Arameans) 
occupied, with a portion of the Babylonians proper, the land of Akkad, 
and Ur-Kasdim, “ Ur of the Chaldees” may have been so named to dis- 
tinguish it from the city of Ur, the ie [Mokayir] of the present day 
which in my opinion (and Delitzsch’s map rather supports this), was not 
situated within the borders of Chaldea or of Akkad.” 
* Acts vii, 2, 3, and 4. 
+ Dr. Franz Delitzsch, the great Hebrew scholar, is of opinion that ‘ Ur 
of the Chaldees” is to be sought in Northern Mesopotamia, and that 
“it was in Haran that Abram first received the divine call to go to 
Canaan (xii., 1—4), when he left not only his country and kindred, but 
also his father’s house. Terah did not carry out his intention to proceed 
to Canaan, but remained in Haran, in his native country, Mesopotamia, 
probably because he found there what he was going to look for in the 
land of Canaan. Haran more properly Charan }>j7 is a place in north- 
western Mesopotamia, the ruins of which may still be seen, a full day’s 
journey to the South of Adessa (Greek Kappa, Lat. Carrze) where Crassus 
tell when defeated by the Parthians. It was a leading settlement of the 
Sabians, who had a temple there dedicated to the moon, which they traced 
back to Abraham.—(Commentary on the Pentateuch, Keil and Delitzsch, 
page 179.) 
