ITS ORIGIN, ITS STRENGTH,.AND ITS WEAKNESS. 189 
Ss 
while _\.y signifies judgment, condemnation (of., Qur’an, Sirah vise 
ure ; ee 
wa Pus 
on! on ‘day of Judgment’). But I confess.I cannot quite.see 
how din in the sense of religion can come from the same root. It 
oye “debt,” with which 
Dr. Keelle connects it. He of course knows that, as opposed to 
imdn, din denotes rather the outward, ceremonial part of religion, 
the law rather than the faith. In Avestic the word daéna means just 
what din does in its second meaning, viz., law, then doctrine, rite 
(cf. Yasna xliii, 9, 11, ete.), ayd daénayd, “selon ce rite” (Harlez, 
“Gram. de |’ Avesta” s. voc.) It is den in Armenian still, and 
comes from /di, Sanskrit ./dhi, “to see, to consider.” [The 
Avestic word could not be derived from a Semitic word din, as 
has been suggested. Many Pahlavi words are from Semitic 
languages, but not Avestic ones.]| The word Air may be from a 
common Semitic root which in Hebrew means white, and in 
Arabic dark-eyed. Dr. Kelle adopts the former idea, while 
Penrice, in his “ Dictionary of the Koran,” argues in favour of 
the latter. That is one of the charms of a Semitic language! I 
think the derivation from the Avestic hvare, “ brilliant,” which in 
Pahlavi becomes hiiv, is more likely. Yet, even if so, the Arabs 
would naturally try to connect the word with a root in their. own 
language soas to give it a meaning (cf. “ sparrowgrass” for : 
asparagus, and the Greek fancy that oaos should be spelt advaacs 
SS 
and derived from aw, whereas it is really from C5o\s). 
is a word perfectly distinct from dein 
Another thing that has been pointed out by Dr. Keelle is the 
great difference between Islam and Christianity. This he has:done 
more forcibly than I have. I quite agree with him that’ the two 
religions can never exist in harmony with one another. They 
never have done so and never will. 
As Professor Orchard has said, I have spoken very briefly of 
Muslim Fatalism, because I thought that it was perhaps the one 
fact generally known in this country regarding Islam: I have, 
however, devoted about half a page (p. 167) to it,—all that my 
limits permitted. 
As to the feeling of brotherhood among Muslims, to which Mr. 
Beven referred, I must say that Muhammadans seem to me to have 
