210 W. L. COURTNEY, M.A., LL.D., 
on the basis of metaphysical speculation, but on that of experi- 
mental research, and of results which may be repeated as often as 
is required for purposes of demonstration. 
Rev. G. Lyon Turner, M.A.—At the outset, I should like to say 
that, unlike the previous speaker, Iam prepared, on the whole, 
thoroughly to agree with the position taken in the Paper, but I 
should like to ask Dr. Courtney whether, in reference to Kant’s 
position on page 201, he has not expressed himself in a way which 
would rather mislead those who are not acquainted with Kant’s 
system. The distinction between formal and material elements 
of knowledge is not a distinction that corresponds with mental 
and material in the ordinary sense of the word. In Kant’s 
phraseology, the words “form” and “‘matter”’ are used as the 
names of the two elements which form an empirical intuition. 
Both of these elements, like the intuition which they form, in 
their nature, are mental or immaterial; but the ‘ matter,” 
according to Kant’s own putting of it, is sensation. The forms 
“‘material’’ and “immaterial” in this connection, therefore, are 
both used in a very peculiar sense; so that, I think, any one 
reading that paragraph of the Paper for the first time, without a 
previous acquaintance with Kant’s system, might form an erroneous 
idea of his position. With some portions of the first part of the 
paper, however, I cannot agree; and it is mainly to insist on those 
points being put with as great accuracy as possible, that I draw 
attention to them. In reference to the two questions raised by Dr. 
Courtney, ‘‘ What is Mind ?”’ and “ Where is it ¥” I must confess I 
should be inclined to answer them in the opposite way to that in 
which Dr. Courtney has given his answer. (i.) ‘What is Mind?” 
I think Dr. Courtney has shown very clearly that that is a question 
we can answer precisely and satisfactorily as far as we can go. 
Negatively, it is not material, and this the whole Paper goes to 
prove, I think, in a very masterly way, so that it cannot be identified 
with the brain which is only its natural organ. Positively, we 
can say it is that immaterial or spiritual something which feels, 
thinks, desires, and wills, as Dr. Courtney said at the end of the 
Paper, which as a whole contains a great deal that is valuable and 
worth thinking over. (ii.) The question, “Where is Mind?” 
I would submit, is a question which in the very nature of 
the case is unanswerable—a question to which no answer can be 
given. All the arguments proving it to be immaterial, put that 
