240 SURG.-GEN. C. A. GORDON, M.D., C.B., ETC., ON 
and a nation to restore them brightened and purified to the 
length and breadth of Hindostan, their original home and 
starting point. 
APPENDIX A, 
Schools of Philosophy. 
Six different schools of Hindoo philosophy are enu- 
merated; all of them have one and the same starting point, 
namely, ex nihilo nihil fit; and all the same ultimate object, 
namely, the emancipation of the soul from future birth and 
existence, and its absorption into the supreme soul of the 
universe. These schools are :— 
1. Nyaya, founded by Gotama; called also the Logical 
School. It is said to represent the sensational aspect of 
Hindoo philosophy. 
2. Vaiseshika, founded by the sage Kanada, about the same 
date as the preceding. It is called the Atomic School, 
because it teaches the existence of a transient world com- 
posed of an aggregation of atoms 
Both of these schools recognise a Supreme Being. 
3. Sankhya, founded by the sage Kapila. It is atheistical 
in its teachings, and takes it name from its numeral or dis- 
criminative tendencies. 
4, Yoga, founded by Patanjah, whose name it also takes. 
It is theistical in its teachings. It asserts the existence not 
only of individual souls, but of one all pervading’ spirit, 
oe is free from the influences which affect other souls. 
Purva-mimansa. 6. Uttara-mimansa. The prior and 
an mimansas; they are both included under the general 
term Vedanta, “the end or object of the vedas.” The 
former was founded by Jaimini, a disciple of Vyasa (ar- 
ranger of the vedas); the lattes by Vyasa himself. The 
principal doctrine inculcated in both is that “God is the 
omuiscient and omnipotent cause of the existence, con- 
tinuance, and dissolution of the universe ; that creation is an 
act of his will, that he is the efficient and material cause of 
the world; that, at the consummation of all things, all are 
resolved into him. He is the sole-existent and universal 
soul, and besides him there is no second principle.” 
The period of the rise of these schools is assumed by 
Indian scholars to be about the fifth century B.c. and even 
