PHILOSOPHY AND MEDICAL KNOWLEDGE IN ANCIENT INDIA. 247 
rate of upper India, 7.e., the presence of a large body of proprietary 
co-sharers of higher proprietary title than many of the cultivators. 
Well, from the fact that no mention is made of these superior 
proprietary co-sharers in the Vedas, we infer that these sharers 
were an after-growth, the result of conquest or purchase or some 
other form of expropriation; and this is specially interesting 
because it corresponds in a remarkable degree with certain 
theories that have been advanced regarding the development 
of the English manor. It was formerly supposed that the lord of 
the manor created the village, but modern investigation now 
inclines to the opinion that the lord of the manor was evolved 
from the pre-existing village community of separate peasant 
holdings. 
These are one or two points that I have noticed in this Paper ; 
ocestiveness, as contain- 
ing a summary of interesting facts, which may lead the reader to 
but I would commend it generally for its su 
go deeper into the subject. 
Captain Prounpus.—The interesting Paper we have had shows 
how a writer of ability can condense into a small space a number 
of interesting-facts, and probably but for want of space we should 
have had more. I do not rise in a captious spirit, but simply to 
add one or two remarks that have been omitted from the Paper 
probably for the reason I have forecast. We must admit that the 
Veda, or knowledge, was transmitted orally for many centuries and 
only committed to writing long after writing was in common use, 
and no doubt this Veda led and excluded the castes which had the 
privilege of this oral transmission, and they very earnestly resisted 
any efforts to quote the Veda to the Prukriti or to give it to the 
common people. 
Professor H. L. Orcuarp, M.A.—I have often thought that the 
Code of Manu is largely derived from that of Moses. I do not 
mean to say by that, that it is a mere copy of the Code of Moses, 
but it is essentially, in feature, one drawn from the Mosaic Code 
with, of course, additions, modifications, and also corruptions; and 
the same thing, I think, applies to the philosophy and mythology, 
which, evidently much earlier than that of the Greeks, may also be 
traced to some tradition or instruction still earlier in the world’s 
history. 
Rev. R. THornton, D.D., V.P.—-I am not deeply read in Indian 
philosophy, but it appears to me that the Paper, if I might 
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