858 ZUNI KATCINAS [eth. ann. 47 



shaped to fit over the chin (Tcakwena oka), others cover only the 

 upper part of the face, the lower part of the face being concealed by 

 the "beard," a fringe of horsehair attached to the lower edge of the 

 mask. 



These shapes are the only part of the mask that is permanent. All 

 else is removed, even in the case of ancient masks. The mask is made 

 up anew each time it is worn. The old paint is scraped ofi' and it is 

 freshly painted. The feathers which were removed at the last wear- 

 ing are renovated and put back or replaced by new feathers. With 

 the exception of the permanent masks, the mask may be made, by 

 the use of suitable paint and feathers, to represent any katcina wear- 

 ing that particular form of mask. The Tcakwena masks, however, 

 are not changed, possibly because of the difficulty of obliterating the 

 shiny black paint. There may, however, be other reasons. Among 

 the Hopi these are permanent fetishistic masks belonging to a cult 

 group. 



The wearer of the mask looks out through two small openings. The 

 eye openings are ordinarily emphasized by painting of some kind. 

 (See, however, Cu'la'witsi and Yamuhakto, pi. 25.) Long narrow 

 triangles, rectangles, or concentric circles are used. Instead of 

 painted eyes, protruding eyes may be placed above the eye openings. 

 These are made of round pieces of buckskin painted and stuffed 

 with cotton or seeds, and fastened with thongs to the mask. They 

 are used by most of the scare katcinas. The Koyemci have raised 

 rings around the eye openings. 



The mouth treatment is more varied. On all face masks the mouth 

 is represented by the lower border, which is somehow emphasized, and 

 from which hangs a fringe of horsehair called the beard. On some 

 of the scare katcinas the mouth is painted with zigzag lines to repre- 

 sent the teeth (Tcakwena, pi. .38), with realistic red tongues hanging 

 from them, in some it is surrounded bj^ rings of braided corn husks 

 (Saiyah'a). 



On helmet masks the mouth is sometimes just a smaU round 

 opening. It may be painted with concentric circles Uke the eyes 

 or with other designs. But more often a protruding snout of some 

 kind is attached by thongs to the mask. It may be straight or curved, 

 carved of wood (Siihmop'iya) or out of the neck of a gourd (Muluk- 

 taka). It may be a hollow tube through which the breath comes 

 whistling (Kana-kwe), or it may be carved in two parts to simulate 

 the jaws of an animal, and operated by strings held by the wearer 

 (Ca'lako). 



The nose is sometimes indicated by a vertical painted line. 



Ears are generally indicated by projecting pieces of wood or by 

 flexible twigs covered by cloth or hide (Pautiwa, pi. 21). Or they 

 may be made in the form of squash blossoms, carved of wood or made 



