BUNZEL) PAKAPHERNALIA 859 



of slender wooden spokes twined with yarn. Frequently only one 

 ear is indicated, or the two ears may be of different forms. Horns of 

 painted wood are common. 



The top of the mask is sometimes covered with a fringe of hair or 

 a sheepskin dyed to simulate hair. 



All exposed surfaces of the mask are painted with various pigments, 

 all of native manufacture. The following are the most important: 



The whole mask is first covered with a coat of white paint. The 

 pigment is kaolin (hek'ohakwa, white clay), soaked in water. It is 

 used also for slipping pottery. It is obtained by trade from Acoma. 

 However, ordinaiy whitewash is sometimes used.^' Everyone has 

 white paint. There are no ceremonies connected with its manu- 

 facture. 



There are three black pigments: hakwm-e, mitcapiwe, and 

 hekwitola. The first of these is a mineral, the other two vegetable 

 products. Hak'win-e is the common black paint, used in the manu- 

 facture of prayer sticks. It is only occasionally used on masks. 

 Since prayer stick making is associated chiefly with medicine socie- 

 ties the manufacture and distribution of this pigment belongs to the 

 societies. A sample of the pigment has been identified by Mr. Paul 

 F. KeiT, of the Department of Mineralogy of Columbia University, 

 as pyrolurite, a hydrated oxide of manganese. The ore is mined on 

 the east side of Corn Mountain and brought in in large chunks. Two 

 or four members of a society will go for the black rock in winter, 

 during the solstice ceremonies. Then the chief of the society will 

 invite girls to come in to grind while the men sing for them. \\Tien 

 thej^ finish in the evening the society chief gives each man a corn 

 husk fidl of the pigment, and to the girls also. 



Mitcapi'we (burnt corn) is made from carbonized corncobs which 

 are found in ruins of ancient villages. This pigment also is manufac- 

 tured by medicine societies. "They look for corn in the back rooms 

 of ruins and bring it in big chunks to the society house. There it is 

 ground ceremonially by the society people. They will ask pretty 

 girls to grind for them, about four girls from the society, if there are 

 that many, and four or six girls from outside. The girls wear em- 

 broidered white blankets and white moccasins and many strings of 

 shell and turquoise beads and many bracelets. The head man of the 

 society sits in front of them. Two other men of the society break up 

 the com into smaller pieces and the head man puts in beads of shell 

 and turquoise and coral and abalone shell and mLxes it all together 

 and gives it to the girls to grind. It is hard work. Sometimes it 

 takes two days and sometimes three to grind enough. When they 

 are finished grinding the girls dance in the society house. Then the 



" The specimen which 1 brought was not in a state that could be identified. According to Mr. Kerr, a 

 portion of decomposed rock, noncalcareous and also not phosphat* bearing. 



