BCNZEL] PARAPHERNALIA 861 



of the lake. It is brought to the village in large chunks. The wo'we 

 store it in their houses and take it to the kiva when needed. When a 

 man uses it he moistens it with his tongue, calling on the rains, and 

 rubs it over his body. This paint is very sacred. It is used by the 

 Koyemci to color their masks, and on the body, and by KoEokci. 

 Tomtsinapa and Saiyah'a and Hatacuku and Nawico use it also. 

 HilUi and dancers like that would never use the pink clay." 



Another pink body stain, which is used by the dancers who do not 

 use the katcina's clay, is made by boUing wheat with small sunflowers. 



The red pigment, ahoko, is hematite, the common oxide of iron, 

 mixed with clay. "The stone for the red paint is mined four miles 

 southwest of the village. It is brought in in large blankets and kept 

 that way until needed. It is not ground. When they want to use it 

 they rub it on a flat stone wdth water imtil the water becomes red. If 

 they want a light red they mix it with pink clay. They chew up 

 the clay and spit it out into the red liquid imtil it is the right shade. 

 Ahoko is used on masks. When they use it on the body they mLx 

 it with pink clay." 



For painting prayer sticks, dyeing moccasins, belts, etc., they use 

 akwah (blue stone^'), an o.xidized ore of copper containing azurite and 

 malachite in a calcite niatrLx. It is secured by trade from the eastern 

 pueblos, where it abounds. This is ground up with water. For 

 painting masks a prepared pigment of akwali in pinon gum is used. 

 This is obtained from Santo Domingo in exchange for feathers. It 

 used to be made at Zuni from akwali and pinon gum, but the Santo 

 Domingo paint is considered better. It is used only for masks. It 

 is "very valuable." 



A purplish body stain (kekwin'e) is obtained from the stalks and 

 husks of black com. The stalks are chewed and the mixture spread 

 over the body. This is used by Muluktaka, Hemucikwe, and the blue 

 Salimopiya. 



For painting the face under the mask, and for painting the face on 

 other occasions, an iridescent black paint is used. This has been 

 identified by Mr. Kerr as "fine grains of quartz sphalerite and galena, 

 a ground concentrate of zinc ore. The dark brown sphalerite is 

 responsible for the color of the mixture." 



The use of native paints and dyes is giving way to commercial dyes 

 and pigments, especially in staining the body and wearing apparel. 

 Masks, so far as I coidd learn, are always painted with native paints 

 (they are alwaj's decorated by the wo'we). However, some of the 

 bright reds and pinks and blues on masks such as Wilatsukwe look liJve 

 commercial colors. 



" The correct translation is turquoise. The Zuni classify blues and greens diderently from us. They 

 distinguish loESna, pale blue and gray; li'ana, ttu-quoise and light green; acena, bright green; and also a 

 dark blue. The classification of turquiose as a primary color may be due to the use of copper ores as pig- 

 ments. 



