BUN2EL] PREPARATION OF DANCES 887 



the required dance after Ca'lako, although the younger men of the kiva 

 put on a cow dance, as an extra dance the first night. In 1928 they 

 did not appear after Ca'lako until the very last night, when they were 

 represented by one old man accompanied by four little boys about ten 

 years old dancing Hemuci'kwe. On the last day three men danced 

 in the plaza. Tcupa'wa is the most energetic of the kivas. They 

 always dance early in the summer, and both the years that I witnessed 

 Ca'lako they had large groups out dancing Muluktaka from the first 

 night on. They were the only group dancing for the first two nights. 



The winter dances are known as ko'uptcona'we (the gods being in 

 sundry places). These dances are held at night, in the houses of the 

 chiefs of the kivas, the various groups visiting all the houses. 



The group which receives the cigarette presents the ko'uptconan'e. 

 This group must dance Kok'okci or one of its variants. In recent 

 years, however, other traditional dances, such as Tcakwena or 

 Wo"temla (the mixed dance), have been substituted, although this is 

 not considered orthodox. The other groups, notified four days in 

 advance by masked messengers of the forthcoming event, may 

 present any traditional dance, or a novelty, or may merely be 

 represented by isolated dancers or dancers appearing with other 

 groups. Five female impersonators in the group that is presenting 

 the dance carry sacks of seed corn which are presented to the five 

 kivas where the group dance as guests. The seed corn is left on 

 the altars, and later distributed to all present in the room. The 

 officiating group receives in return from the other groups five 

 bundles of prayer sticks which are planted the following day by 

 messengers usually designated by the group presenting the prayer 

 sticks. The men planting the prayer sticks are the only ones to 

 observe continence and therefore on their piety depends the efficacy 

 of the offerings. 



The summer dances theoretically must be the same dances as pre- 

 sented by the kivas at their own ko'uptcona-we, and therefore, if 

 orthodo.xy ruled would also always be Kokokci or its variants. How- 

 ever, both Tcakwenas and Wo'temla are frecjuently danced in summer. 

 This may be either because they are repeating an unauthorized selec- 

 tion of the winter, or because although the selection in winter was 

 orthodox, the rule that the second half of the year must duplicate the 

 first has been broken. 



During the five days after Ca'lako each kiva is requii'ed to give a 

 dance which is traditionally the property of that group, as follows: 



heiwa, Towa Tcakwena. 

 muhe'wa, He'muci'kwe. 

 tcupa'wa Muluktaka 

 ohe-wa Wo'temla 



upts'ana-wa Tcahumo'a'we (drum Tcakwena, also called Laguiui Tcak- 

 wena) 

 hekajjawa Mahe?!inaca 



