ADMINISTRATIVE REPORT LVII 



carried crossbows and harquebuses, while some of them were 

 armed with sword and shield." 



Thus equipped did Coronado, on April 22, 1540, start forth 

 on his two years' journey from Culiacan, taking as an advance 

 guard about 75 horsemen and a few footmen. Passing the 

 Indian settlements of Sonora and Arizpe, he reached the massive 

 ruin of Chichilticalli within the limits of Arizona, and on July 

 7 reached Hawikuh, the first of the cities of Cibola or Zufli, 

 which he named Granada. As the natives had fortified them- 

 selves, the village was assaulted and at once captured, the in- 

 habitants retiring to Thunder mountain. Coronado remained at 

 Zuni about two months, in the meantime sending out small par- 

 ties for the exploration of the adjacent country. One of these, 

 under Pedro de Tovar, proceeded to Tusayan, or the seven 

 Hopi pueblos, in northeastern Arizona, where they learned of 

 the Grand Canyon of Colorado river, which Lopez de Cardenas 

 was afterward sent to explore. Hernando de Alvarado was 

 dispatched eastward to the Tiwa villages of the Rio Grande 

 and to the buffalo plains. In September Coronado and his 

 immediate followers pressed on to the Rio Grande, visiting 

 en -route the pueblo of Acoma, which stands today on the 

 famous peiiol it then occupied. Meanwhile the main army 

 arrived at Cibola and proceeded to Tiguex, on the Rio Grande, 

 where winter quarters were established. 



It was during this winter that Castaneda gained most of his 

 information regarding the pueblos of the Rio Grande. For at 

 least seven months he was in constant touch with the ancestors 

 of the Tiwa of the present villages of Isleta and Sandia on 

 the Rio Grande, and, as will be seen by the narrative, his oppor- 

 tunities were not neglected. 



In April of 1541 the entire force under Coronado left Tiguex 

 for Pecos, proceeding thence across the great plains through 

 herds of buffalo extending as far as the eye could reach, guided 

 by an Indian of the mysterious Quivira, whom the Spaniards 

 had named Turk. The description of the route of Coronado 

 being quite vague, students of southwestern ethnology have, 

 up to this time, been at a loss to trace with exactness the line of 

 travel of the Spanish force, or satisfactorily to identify the tribes 



