hoffman] CEREMONIAL SMOKING 253 



taken, or even attempted, before indulging in smoking and contempla- 

 tion, and perhaps by preliminary fasting, accompanied by prayers and 

 chants. 



The origin of tobacco is regarded by the Menomini as mystic. An 

 account of its function in this regard lias previously been given in this 

 memoir. 



ARCHITECTURE 

 DWELLINGS AND LODGES 



The greater number of the Menomini now live in comfortable log 

 houses built by themselves and tolerably well furnished with modern 

 conveniences. The only floor covering, if any is used at all, consists of 

 rush mats, frequently of neat design, placed directly on the board floor- 

 ing. Illustrations of these mats are given elsewhere in this paper, while 

 the appearance of a typical modern Menomini log house is shown in 

 plate xvi. 



The roof of such a dwelling consists of boards, though in a number 

 of the older buildings homemade shingles may be seen. These are 

 fastened with wooden pegs instead of with iron nails; they measure 

 from .'5 to 4 feet in length and from 8 to 10 inches in width, and are 

 pegged to the crosspieces resting on the rafters in the usual manner. 

 The houses are rather poorly lighted, usually two windows and some- 

 times only one window being regarded as sufficient for lighting and 

 ventilating a house of moderate size. In nearly all instances the build- 

 ing logs are squared to fit closely, and consequently require less chinking 

 than when left naturally round. Whenever necessary to the comfort of 

 the occupants of the dwelling, chinking is done with clay and sod, but 

 ou some occasions mortar is employed. 



Some houses are supplied with a ceiling, independent of the roof, and 

 a hatchway is also furnished for ingress by means of a ladder. The 

 attic thus formed is used for the storage of various household articles, 

 including utensils not in immediate use, and of harness and traps; 

 sometimes it is used even for sleeping quarters for the children or for 

 visitors. The walls are sometimes decorated with mats of rush or 

 bark, the. latter variety frequently being of elaborate design. 



As a rule no chimneys are built, the outlet for smoke being an ordinary 

 stovepipe, which passes through an opening in the i - oof and projects 

 several feet above. 



Near the modern houses is frequently observed a summer residence 

 made of saplings and covered with mats-or bark to protect the occu- 

 pants from the sun and raiu. This primitive form of Menomini wigwam 

 is made in the following manner: 



Saplings of oak or other tough wood, not more than 2 inches thick 

 at the base, are cut and planted about 3 feet apart so as to form an- 

 elliptical outline, with two openings for ingress and egress opposite each 

 other, in the line of the greater diameter. Plate xvn represents the 



